Tigris

Human nature obviously has evolved through history, but I believe that the instincts that drive us to make decisions in humans are still the same. The main human instinct is to survive, but the way we survive now is different than the way we survived in the past. Yet, it is the same, humans are still very social and need others in order to survive. It is the way we respond and interact with people that has changed over time. Not only did our interaction change but our survival has turned into…

This chapter, except for the section on the Hazaras in the early Ismaili literature, has already been published under the title of ‘The Shi‘a Ismaʿili Da‘wat in Khurasan: From Its Early Beginning to the Ghaznawid Era’, at the Journal of Shʿia Islamic Studies, 2015, Vol. VIII, No. 1, pp. 37-59. In several qaṣīdas of his dīwān (1956), Farrukhī praises Sulṭān Maḥmūd Ghaznawī as the King of Zāwulistān. For further details see, Baiza, Y. (2014) The Hazaras of Afghanistan and their Shiʿa…

water. The Middle East has limited water resources, thus compelling countries to make use out of their only water sources unconsciously affecting those downstream. For example, Turkey has many water resources, but placed a dam on the Euphrates and Tigris River affecting Iraq’s main water source. Now Turkey controls when water will flow from those rivers further downstream into Iraq no matter how desperate Iraq is for water at that…

The Paleolithic times in which man is said to have come from were characterized by a hunting-gathering culture. With time man progressed into an egalitarian culture characterized by farming and equality; at least to some degree. Somewhere along the timeline however, man mastered the art of farming, which led to food surplus; the main element in the development of ancient civilizations. One of the characteristics of these societies was the centralization of political authority. What justification…

Ancient Near East is a general term that holds geographical territory, religion beliefs and living conditions of early civilizations established within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East five thousand years ago: Mesopotamia and Egypt. These Ancient Eastern civilizations are considered the cradle of modern civilization; they were the origin of many civilization features as agriculture practice, empires, law codes, social stratification, urbanism and writing system.…

For any evidence of a civilization ever existing there has to be some form of art or architecture left behind. Clues of a long forgotten government, economy, and social class for scientists to find. Remains of their math and science, religion and literature works left to vanish into thin air. The remnants of Mesopotamia reveal to us that their intellectual achievements were far greater than those of Egypt, in terms of their architecture, economy and government, knowledge in math and science,…

throughout history. NAHUM Not much is known about Nahum personally. The Bible doe not mention any details concerning Nahum’s call. There are even disputes about where Nahum was from. Some believe he was from the village of “Alkush on the left bank of the Tigris River…

Turks moved from Central Asia to Middle West in the eleventh CE century. One of the tribes called the Seljuk Turks, occupied Persia and then moved west slowly. Battle of Manzikert in 1071 CE is where the Seljuk Turks met Byzantine emperor and his army. The Byzantine emperor was killed, and army was destroyed. After taken over Byzantine the Seljuk Turks moved into Anatolia. Moving south again the were able to occupy the Holy Land. Religion played a role in the origins of the Crusades or…

The Ancient World is a complex matrix of multiple civilizations spanning roughly 5,000 years, in recorded history. (Kramer, 1981). Beginning with the hunter-gatherers in Mesopotamia, and ending with the decline of the Roman Empire in 476 AD, the Ancient World was filled with contrasting and similar ideas, inventions, and religions. One aspect of these civilizations that stand out is the role of women. However, the roles of women deemed acceptable by society have not always been as diverse and…

Throughout history many civilizations have existed; shaping modern existence through elements such as culture and politics as we know it. Civilization began to appear approximately 5,500 years ago in the river valleys of the Nile (North Africa) and the Tigris-Euphrates (the Middle East); the first civilization there was known as Mesopotamia. Slightly later, civilizations blossomed in the Indus Valley (present-day India/Pakistan, 2400 BCE) and in the Yellow River Valley in China…