Substitution reactions

When a hydrogen atom of an alkane is replaced by halogens, they become an alkyl halide compound which can also be called haloalkanes. There are two types of reaction within the alkyl halides. When another atom replaces the halide ion, the reaction becomes a substitution reaction, and when the halide ion leaves with another atom or ion, it becomes an elimination reaction (Weldegirma, 2015). The substitution reaction can be divided into either electrophilic substitution or nucleophilic substitution. In the nucleophilic substitution, the substituent is electron rich and provides the electron pair for bonding with the substrate (Abdullah et al, 2015). It replaces a leaving group from the carbon atom and forms a new bond by using the lone pair of…

The purpose of the experiment was to form ketones by electrophilic aromatic substitution through a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of an aromatic compound. In the synthesized Friedel-Craft acylation reaction mechanism, the double bond on the nucleophile anisole (methoxybenzene) attacks the acetyl electrophile. The acetyl compound is then bound to the anisole in the para position, which created the product p-methoxyacetophenone. Since anisole is an activator (electron donor), the acetyl could…

The goal of this lab was to prepare methyl m-nitrobenzoate using electrophilic aromatic substitution. An example of electrophilic aromatic substitution is nitration where a hydrogen atom which is part of a aromatic ring is substituted by an electrophile. For benzene, aromaticity is a stabilizing feature. As such, instead of undergoing electrophilic additions, it undergoes electrophilic substitutions. The nitronium ion is the electrophile which gets attached to the electron rich aromatic…

concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid generated nitronium ion which is electrophile. And methyl benzoate nitration is one of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Nitronium ion will reacts with protonated intermediate at the meta position. After NO2 substituted, it becomes arenium ion intermediate. Then, the remained product HSO4- will attack hydrogen then transfer the proton to methyl 3-benzoate. In the experiment, students placed around 12 drops of concentrated H2SO4 in 10x100nm reaction…

important role in regulation of key enzyme activities and signal transduction networks. Tyrosine is one of the 21 amino acids and is important in the synthesis of certain hormones. Nitration of tyrosine can affect protein function, which can in turn link nitroxidative stress to alterations of molecules present in disease (Peluffo et al. 2007). Potential activation of proteins, specifically tyrosine, can have a significant impact on the pathology of cardiovascular disease. Because of this,…

preparative. Both experiments demonstrated the theory and concepts behind electrophilic aromatic substitution. As the term states, the experiments deal with the chemistry of six membered ring compounds and their transformations through electrophilic substitutions. This type of reaction transforms the aromatic compound by allowing various functional groups to be attached to it. The general process of this reaction is a hydrogen on an aromatic ring, most simply an arene, being replaced by an…

Nucleophilic substitutions are a fundamental class of reactions in organic chemistry. This type of reaction involves a nucleophile, or an electron rich species, attacking an electrophilic site, or an area that carries a positive or partially positive charge, in order to replace a leaving group. There are two possible mechanisms to account for the attack of the nucleophile; the first occurs in a concerted process, or in one step and the second mechanism occurs in two steps and involves a…

What is SN2? This is a Nucleophilic Substitution reaction where there are 2 components in the rate determining step. It occurs simultaneously as bonds are made and broken at the same time. During the backside attack, a nucleophile attacks the electrophile from the back and causes an inverse in configuration. This attack causes a leaving group to leave. A transition state is formed while this reaction occurs, which is when the leaving group and nucleophile are attached at the same time. What…

Nucleophilic Substitution: Preparation of 1-Bromobutane and Alkyl Halide Classification Tests INTRODUCTION The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate the conversion of a primary alcohol to 1-bromobutance with the Sn2 mechanism using sodium bromide and then to characterize the compound with two different alkyl halide tests. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution involves chemical reactions where a neutral molecule or an anion called a nucleophile substitutes a…

The experiment outlined by this lab report demonstrated the idea of synthesizing tert-butyl chloride through an SN1 reaction. The SN1 reaction took place with a polar protic solvent taking the place of the leaving group (alcohol) and creating a new replacement bond with the carbocation to form a tertiary chloride structure. The product was then tested for this structure by reacting it with two substances: sodium iodide and silver nitrate. These tests were to demonstrate that if the product…