Substitution reactions

When a hydrogen atom of an alkane is replaced by halogens, they become an alkyl halide compound which can also be called haloalkanes. There are two types of reaction within the alkyl halides. When another atom replaces the halide ion, the reaction becomes a substitution reaction, and when the halide ion leaves with another atom or ion, it becomes an elimination reaction (Weldegirma, 2015). The substitution reaction can be divided into either electrophilic substitution or nucleophilic substitution. In the nucleophilic substitution, the substituent is electron rich and provides the electron pair for bonding with the substrate (Abdullah et al, 2015). It replaces a leaving group from the carbon atom and forms a new bond by using the lone pair of…

The purpose of the experiment was to form ketones by electrophilic aromatic substitution through a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of an aromatic compound. In the synthesized Friedel-Craft acylation reaction mechanism, the double bond on the nucleophile anisole (methoxybenzene) attacks the acetyl electrophile. The acetyl compound is then bound to the anisole in the para position, which created the product p-methoxyacetophenone. Since anisole is an activator (electron donor), the acetyl could…

The purpose of this experiment was to complete an electrophilic aromatic substitution by filtration and recrystallization and to determine the major product. TLC plate was used to figure out any unreacted starting material or presence of isomers (ortho, meta, or para) in the final product. Results: 3.42 grams of methyl benzoate was obtained initially. The crude yield of methyl benzoate was 3.42 grams, and the purified yield of methyl benzoate was 2.27 grams. The melting point of the crude…

In this experiment, students were expected synthesize methyl orange and test its pH and its dyeing characteristics on different fibers. In order to do this, students started with the diazonization of sulfanilic acid. To perform this diazionization, sulfanilic acid was placed in a vial with a spin vane and mixed with aqueous sodium carbonate, forming a salt. With the addition of sodium nitrite, an N-N-dimethyl aniline was formed and is what was used for the formation of methyl orange. To form…

The goal of this lab was to prepare methyl m-nitrobenzoate using electrophilic aromatic substitution. An example of electrophilic aromatic substitution is nitration where a hydrogen atom which is part of a aromatic ring is substituted by an electrophile. For benzene, aromaticity is a stabilizing feature. As such, instead of undergoing electrophilic additions, it undergoes electrophilic substitutions. The nitronium ion is the electrophile which gets attached to the electron rich aromatic…

The objective of this lab was to perform an electrophlic aromatic substitution using a phenol that was nitrated with dilute nitric acid method. This method was chosen because it would result in high yields of p-nitrophenol and o-nitrophenol, as opposed to other nitrophenols. Initially, the reaction was performed and the crude product was isolated and put through column chromatography to separate and purify the nitrophenol isomers. Fractions were taken from the column to perform to TLC analysis…

concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid generated nitronium ion which is electrophile. And methyl benzoate nitration is one of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Nitronium ion will reacts with protonated intermediate at the meta position. After NO2 substituted, it becomes arenium ion intermediate. Then, the remained product HSO4- will attack hydrogen then transfer the proton to methyl 3-benzoate. In the experiment, students placed around 12 drops of concentrated H2SO4 in 10x100nm reaction…

important role in regulation of key enzyme activities and signal transduction networks. Tyrosine is one of the 21 amino acids and is important in the synthesis of certain hormones. Nitration of tyrosine can affect protein function, which can in turn link nitroxidative stress to alterations of molecules present in disease (Peluffo et al. 2007). Potential activation of proteins, specifically tyrosine, can have a significant impact on the pathology of cardiovascular disease. Because of this,…

preparative. Both experiments demonstrated the theory and concepts behind electrophilic aromatic substitution. As the term states, the experiments deal with the chemistry of six membered ring compounds and their transformations through electrophilic substitutions. This type of reaction transforms the aromatic compound by allowing various functional groups to be attached to it. The general process of this reaction is a hydrogen on an aromatic ring, most simply an arene, being replaced by an…

Cyclic Voltammetry technique The studies performed about electrochemical oxidation 2-amino-4-methylphenol indicate that ortho-quinone yielded through oxidation of this chemical compound was unstable and it could be used as Michael acceptor under solvent influences , carrier electrolyte , additives and could be transformed into the various compounds in the form of 1-4 addition Michael reaction . Based on this , in the paper firstly electrochemical oxidation of 2-amino-4-methylphenol in the…