Substitution reactions

Introduction: Enzymes play a major role in biological systems to catalyze and control different reactions. The study of enzymes’ behaviors toward substrates and products is significant to understand various enzyme catalyzed reactions in living organisms. One of the most important enzymatic group is cytochrome P450 (CYP450) which contribute to the metabolism of many endogenous as well as exogenous substances such as drugs. Although there are several subtypes of CYP450 family, CYP450 1A1 is going…

as the rate of reaction did increase as the concentration and the temperature increased. The concentration, or molarity, of the reactants increased in relation to time in the form M=1.1541e0.0016t. This is an accurate relationship as the volume remains the same as the number of molecules increase, thus the rate would increase exponentially as the molecules collide at a constant growth rate. This is also a reliable model as the R² value is 0.9697. The hypothesis that the reaction would be first…

In this essay, I will explain how we can benefit from bonding of atoms of certain elements in our daily life. As I will show in this essay, with the help of understanding the surface chemistry, which is the study of chemical reactions at interfaces (surfaces), different desired affects can be produced by the formation of selected elements such as making improved chemical composition of a surface. Surface chemistry today can be applied to solve various issues and problems including fighting…

an aromatic amine converted into a diazonium salt. As diazonium ion is a weak electrophile, it reacts with electron-rich, aromatic coupling agents to produce an azo dye. The products are mainly ortho and para due to the reaction being an electrophilic aromatic substitution Reaction: p-nitroaniline p-nitro benzenediazonium chloride Para-red Procedure: Production of para-Nitrobenzenediazonium chloride: Prepare 7% NaNO2 by dissolving 7 g of NaNO2 in 100 mL water…

on thermolysis when heated at high temperature3160C for half an hour. 1, 2, 4-Triazole derivatives are easily soluble in polar solvents and slightly soluble in non-polar solvents. However the solubility in non-polar solvents can be enhanced by substitution on the nitrogen atom.[[3]]The triazole ring is a frequent moiety present in various drugs such as Azosemide (diuretic), Brotizolam (appetite stimulant), Cefetrzine (antibacterial), Epoxiconazole (agricultural fungicide),…

to let oxidation happen that will prevent the formation of chromium (II) species. Also, the aim of this experiment is to successfully form chromium (II) acetate, to find its percentage yield and to conduct IR analysis to prove the success of the reaction as well as the purity of the compound. Magnetic susceptibility measurements will be required to determine whether the complex is diamagnetic or paramagnetic. Introduction: Chromium is a transition metal found in d-block of the Periodic Table.…

AHHHH CHOO-DOEPHEDRINE Although, originally defined as the chemistry of biological structures, organic chemistry has since been redefined to refer specifically to organic (carbon based) molecules. The hydrocarbon is the very basic molecule of organic chemistry and by adding functional groups to the hydrocarbon we can manipulate the properties of the molecule. Through the manipulation of these organic compounds, organic chemistry can be used to chemically synthesise many products such as soaps,…

functional B3LYP with the base 6-311 ++ G (d, p). To distinguish the molecular electrostatic potential surface (MESP), we used the principle of HSAB (Hard Soft Acid and Base), in order to have the centers of activity of a molecule and the effects of substitution on the systems of pyrazolooxazine. These have anti-inflammatory activities. In our work, we have applied methods of multi-parameter optimization (MPO) to molecules of pyrazolooxazine derivatives. In addition, we studied their properties…

The TG and DTA curves obtained for the compounds (C1-C5) are shown in Figure 9. Table 4 lists the results of the thermal studies of these compounds with the initial and final temperatures (ºC), assignments of each decomposition stage based on mass calculation and DTA peaks. These assignments (Δm - Calcd.) are based on the structural fragments from the theoretical formulae of the compounds (C1–C5). This implies that the groups proposed in the right column of Table 4 are not necessarily the…

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