Serotonin syndrome

et al., 2011), smoking may also cause depression, via nicotine withdrawal. There are several neurological pathways that depression and nicotine are associated with, such as hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin related pathways. Nicotine withdrawal affecting these shared pathways may be one potential cause of depression. Nicotine might be a potential cause of depression since mice can start to exhibit anxiety and depression symptoms, in addition to…

Neurotransmitters dysfunction Noradrenaline and depression- Noradrenaline, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone which is released by the adrenal medulla and by the sympathetic nerves; a functional group of neurotransmitter. Also it is used as a drug to raise blood pressure. Noradrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands, which is in charge of releasing stress hormones. When this hormone is secreted it raises blood pressure and the blood sugar in the body. This energy is secreted to the…

neurotransmitter serotonin is believed to be a factor with individuals with low mood, aggression, and substance abuse. Thus it is likely that ASPD and substance abuse could be the result of serotonin excitation or inhibition. A study was done with group of men with ASPD and substance abuse disorder according to DSM-111-R. They were compared to a healthy male control group. The were given a “serotonin agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine ( m-CPP), and prolactin (Moss 1990). The study suggests that…

This means that the serotonin levels are the main part in major depression and it is important to keep the levels stable with norepinephrine in order not to have depression or mania. If an individual has low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, they would be depressed. However, if they have low levels of serotonin and high levels of norepinephrine, they would have a serious mental illness as they may have bipolar…

The drug 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), or more commonly known as Ecstasy, is a synthetic drug that can alter a person’s mood or perception. It also is known to produce feelings of increased energy, pleasure, emotional warmth, and distorts sensory and time perception (What is MDMA). Ecstasy was very popular back in the 1970s and 80’s among those who attended nightclubs and all-night dance parties (Skomorowsky). Ecstasy was taken in order to help party goers get more in tune with the…

2006). Little agonist and it may not be able to activate a receptor (or enough receptors for a response), and too much can lead to certain disorders and irritability. Serotonin-selective reuptake transporters (SERTs) act to inhibit the action of 5-HT by removing it from the interstitial space where it may then bind (Effects of serotonin transporter inhibition on gastrointestinal motility and colonic sensitivity in the mouse). The second messengers activated on the ileum by 5-HT is dependent on…

Anxiety is a behavioral response triggered by: stress, fear of outcomes, or apprehension of an imminent event. Symptoms of this response usually include a feeling of nervousness, unease, or worry-some tendencies. Due to the key component of anxiety being stress, there is a state of mental strain among the individuals or organisms enduring this response. In years past, scientists have observed and concluded findings of anxiety-like behaviors in humans and different vertebrae species. For the…

example, if we feel fear we are able to react to the oncoming danger. Chemicals dictate most of what we do and is how the brain communicates with itself, and is very complex, but in the case of emotions we will focus on a couple of main chemicals like serotonin and dopamine. First we will do a brief overview of how these neurotransmitters work and then we will look into the composure of…

Introduction Volatile inhaled anesthetics are commonly used for general anesthesia worldwide because of their fast action and easy management. However, there is accumulating evidence indicating that general anesthetics that activate gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors induce widespread apoptosis at a clinically relevant concentration in the developing brain of rodents [1, 2, 3]. Furthermore, anesthetic administration in children causes long-term impairments of cognitive behavior later in…

Stigmas almost always carry negative, life changing effects. In regards to mental illness, the stigma that surrounds it can prevent an individual from living their life the way it deserves to be lived, and from seeking the treatment that could potentially help these individuals suffering from mental illness in huge, positive ways. Recent studies have shed a light on a person’s own self-stigma may have worse effects than the stigma that they would face out in society. The media gives off an often…