Pope Martin IV

After the Roman Empire fell, Medieval Europe deteriorated into no-man’s land, full of criminals, barbarism, and danger at every turn. This period of time, from 400-1400 AD was originally called the Dark Ages but is now more commonly known as the Middle Ages. Unexpectedly, after Europe improved a little more than half a century later, it’s still referred to as the Dark Ages. Historians now understand that not all of the Middle Ages were a dark age. Even though it no longer met the criteria to be…

acting as a protector of the church and by trying to implement an unified practice of Christianity in all parts of his kingdom. This mutually beneficial relationship, in which Christian faith is upheld by the Pope and enforced by Charlemagne, was clearly established in Charlemagne’s coronation by Pope Leo III in 800 (Einhard, Life of Charlemagne 38 and Notker, Deeds of Charlemagne 76). In Notker’s version of the coronation, he states, “Then the holy man…asked the unconquered Charles to come to…

What do the sources for this course tell us about Violence in the middle ages? The spread of Christianity and Catholicism was quite popular and at a large scale throughout the middle ages. One of the main evidence of violence was due to the several religious movements during this time. A huge amount of war was also created since the struggle between several nations for power was extreme as they wished to gain more land to succeed to have more power however the only way to achieve this was…

THE INCONGRUITY, SUPERLATIVES AND THE SPIRITS OF CATHOLICISM, EVANGELISM IN OJUKWU: General Ojukwu was a man of many parts and strands. Though, he was a Catholic by birth and Orientation- But he also practiced Calvinism and Necromancy. Yet, his daily life consisted of living by the Anglo-Protestant ethics of hard-work, honesty, fair-play, courage, loyalty and patriotism. The Profound Impact of Catholic Dogma on Ojukwu: Intimates of General Ojukwu privately nick-named him "the Holy General"…

The order of the Jesuits played a vital part in the Counter-Reformation over time the Jesuits were able to convert millions of individuals to Catholicism. The impact was so great that he was able to convert not only the people around, but around the world as well. This particular movement was founded by Ignatius de Loyola in August 1534. Ignatius de Loyola was a Spanish soldier who decided to turn into a priest. In the first set of the Jesuits there were six students and Ignatius, who decided to…

The Virgin of Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico, is a religious icon and symbol of Mexican nationalism and identity (Benedetti). Through analyzing the image and history of the Virgin of Guadalupe through the theoretical terms, e.g. gender, sexuality, identity, and authority, one is able to understand her meaning and importance to Mexico, the world, and the catholic church. Her importance can be examined through the use of these theoretical terms and how they intersect and connect with…

In 1095-1291, the Crusades was a series of war between the Christians and the Muslims waging the power over the land of Jerusalem. Christians wants the land of Jerusalem because that land is a holy land. The Pope encouraged the Christians to join this huge war as a Crusader to take away the land of Jerusalem, from the Muslim people, who originally lived in. Both sides had their own holy sites so they both wants the land so they can pray freely. Therefore, Christians had to go to war with the…

Postclassical European Kingdoms were completely different from Islamic caliphates. Each had its own political system, economic model, religion, and social structure. Western Europe is feudalistic with unity through Christianity. This period for Europe is the “dark ages” or medieval a period of deterioration. The Islamic caliphates led the Islamic state and expanded the Islamic Empire. It is united both by ruler and religion. The Islamic culture flourishes and enters a golden age where it become…

Controversy began with Henry IV Emperor of Europe and Pope Gregory VII over power. Pope Gregory VII took Henry IV power to appoint religious officials. Henry IV did not agree with this, which caused a further separation from church and state. Henry IV decided to take his allegiance from Pope Gregory VII. They dethroned each other, one from being King and the other from being pope. Neither one felt that the other deserved total power. Henry IV wanted to dethrone Pope Gregory VII after finding out…

The death of Henry II was the most significant event that started the French Wars of Religion. With his death, Francis II became the new king. Francis II was related to a devout Catholic family know as the Guises. The Guises were in critical positions in the monarchy. Those positions were the French Army and the Church. The Guises family learned of a plot by a rival Protestant family to remove Francis II from power. Leading the Protestant family was the Bourbon Duke of Conde. He was sentenced to…