Italian popes

Saint Peter’s Basilica was initially designed by Donatoe Bramante in full masonry. An Italian architect, Bramante already had immense credit for building the Tempietto, in 1506. The Tempietto was a precursor to Saint Peter’s but is regarded as an usher of early High Renaissance. Both the Tempietto and Saint Peter’s Basilica use a central plan. Bramante did not want the Basilica to have a dome and wanted it to keep it just like his Tempietto. But, Bramante died before it was completed.…

It is often considered taboo in modern society to question the beliefs of leaders. However, blindly accepting these views can lead to irresponsible and foolish actions that can cause the formation of institutionalized immoral practices that will be incredibly difficult to eradicate. Can authority be trusted, or should it be questioned? One can look back throughout history and literature to see a plethora of cases where the trust conferred onto authority was abused, and as a result the…

The Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, established in fifteen-forty-two by Pope Paul III (the pontifical incumbent who was also responsible for the authorization of the Jesuit Order), was the primary institution to maintain and implement Papal bulls, in addition to their function of administering legalistic ramifications upon deviants of Catholic orthodoxy within the Papal States, and ostensibly exhibiting proper procedure to Catholic states in the process of…

did just the opposite. Boys, girls, men and women each took on new roles in their social lives and political lives. New religious practices started to rise, and people adopted to never before seen practices. Before the Protestant Reformation, the Pope ruled in all of Western Christendom with a volume of power. Christendom, also known as the Christian Kingdom is the total of all the nations where…

named by the church to essentially keep the church within the church, in favour of being named by the secular. The conflict itself reaches its peak between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV (who was merely a youth). Henry, with the support of bishops appointed ecclesiastic positions in his realm, in order to gain maximum control of his realm. Pope Gregory VII (adversely) claimed he had a mission to purify the church and in order to do so, he needed to have total control over ecclesiastical…

Virgin Mary,1950, our readings covered a span of more than four hundred years of Church history. During this era, of which we now identify as the period of Counter-Reform of the Catholic Church, one character stood out for me quite brilliantly, Pope Paul III. Pope Paul III, in the midst of an era of rebuking authority, growing nationalism, and tremendous divide within the Christian Church, managed to redirect a tidal wave of dissent.…

della Rovere. Murphy’s book shows how a Renaissance woman achieved great power and respect by not birthright but by working for it. Felice della Rovere was the daughter of “The Warrior Pope” Julius II, and by definition, illegitimate. Julius did not want to be associated with the pervious pope, “The Borgia Pope” Alexender VI, and how he daunted on his daughter (Lucrezia). As a result of this hatred for Alexander, Julius kept his daughter at a distance. Felice and her father’s relationship were…

This paper will summarize the article “The Renaissance Popes Provoke the Protestant Secession” from The March of Folly by Barbara Tuchman. Her article tells of the extravagance and negligence of the Papacy under Leo X which brought about the splintering of Christendom. Tuchman begins her article describing the opening ceremonies of the new Medici Pope, in which had been spent “one-seventh of the reserve Julius had left in the treasury” . During just the parade, Leo demonstrated “Medici…

From the premises of the humanism movement, the Italian Renaissance, which 'made the language and art of the ancient past the model for the present”, Leonard de Vinci 's work, composed of paintings as much as scientifical sketches, the Ottoman Court that aimed at reviving the Byzantine Empire 's art…

wide are of land, and many feudal lords felt closer ties to the Pope than to their King. Several items led to a decline in feudalism by the end of the Middle Ages. The Black Death or plague killed hundreds of thousands in Europe. This decreased the number of serfs available to work the land and support the lords. The Crusades also distracted the lords from managing their lands. The feudal system was further weakened as the Pope called on lords to recruit people for the holy wars in the…