Italian popes

Pope Eugenius III promised Bernard the same indulgences for it that Pope Urban II had promised during the First Crusade (Catholic Online). Bernard is well remembered in history, which can partly be attributed to the fact that 482 of his letters were preserved and translated (Gasquet). Bernard died on the 20th of August, 1153 at the age of sixty-three. St. Bernard was canonized in 1174 by Pope Alexander III (Gasquet). In 1830, Pope Pius VII declared Bernard a Doctor of the Church (Catholic Online). Bernard was an extremely religious man, and he often used his beliefs to get others to believe in him. He is historically remembered as a well-liked man, which supported by many of his letters. For example, in a letter written in 1127 to Suger, abbot of St. Denis, Bernard wrote that God had done “great things” for Suger’s soul (Gasquet 70). Throughout his letter to Suger, it is clear that Bernard was very pleasant and optimistic. He said “if I recall the remembrance of past evils it is not in order to cast confusion or to reproach on anyone,” but rather to make the future look brighter, “because there is nothing which makes the present good shine forth more clearly than a comparison with the evils which preceded it” (75-76). In another letter, to Pope Innocent in 1139, Bernard of Clairvaux describes in detail his devotion to his faith. Bernard’s writing expresses a gentle…

God was the commander of the crusade The medieval Christian tradition had a long path, and a complicated relationship with committing violence’s and warfare. The earlies writings concerning Christians and violence’s is from Augustus of Hippo from the fourth century C.E. that easys the notion of a just war on to humanity. I argue that the first crusade of Pope Urban II was not act out of character of Christianity and it was the currents events that are the cause for the first crusade, and the…

?? Joshua Waldoch Professor Laid Boswell History 120 9 October 2017 Public Opinion and the Papacy The Catholic Church has had a lasting impression on the European Landscape throughout history, and for the most part, the general public went along with the Catholic Church and the Pope because, that was all the people of Europe knew. However, that began to change, as the thoughts and ideals that were formed during the Enlightenment came to prominence. In David Kertzer’s book The Kidnapping of…

art. All of the pieces of art were Italian and were created before the 1500s. The titles of the pieces of art are Branchini Madonna, Martyrdom of Pope-Saint Caius, and The Madonna and Child. The pieces were all great pieces of art and were distinct in their nature. The art gives insight as to how society was during that time and even can provide evidence of the technological…

The Italian Renaissance in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Italy was the upbringing of several new ideas and concepts that many Europeans were not familiar with at the time, as well as the transition from medieval to modern times. As stated by a Swiss historian in the nineteenth-century, the Renaissance was the “prototype of the modern world.” Humanism was introduced and spread by Francesco Petrarch, the “father of humanism,” as well as several other humanists. Platonism was briefly revived,…

For centuries, the papacy and the pope have been around and are a significant aspect of the Italian culture and history. According to Catholic tradition, Jesus founded the papacy in the first century, when he chose St. Peter, the leader of the apostles, to be his earthly representative. "Thou art Peter and upon this rock I will build my church," he states in chapter 16 of Matthew. "I will give to thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven." Those words, which now circle the dome of St. Peter's…

It is beginning to appear very clearly to me that the inconsistencies in the military had a very destructive role in the Italian history during this period. The reason I say this is because the mercenaries although not mentioned here specifically and the worthless auxiliary army plus mixed army, were all non-reliable. I can see the predicaments that the popes have all gone through or witnessed due to inconsistent military personnel and that in itself invited the coup d’état whereby the popes…

A.D. 452 Yesterday, what could have been a horrendous day for Rome, was prevented by Pope Leo the Great. Attila the Hun, who had already sacked northern Italian cities and towns, was planning to march on Rome. At this time, beloved Pope Leo had come to save the day. Pope Leo has surely proven himself a great and trustworthy leader. Pope Leo was notified about Attila the Hun’s plan to march on Rome and took brave and quick action. He knew that he was obliged to take action and meet Attila to…

to take place. During this time, Saint Ignatius and his group of Jesuits participated in the Counter Reformation which was in response to the Protestant Reformation. Saint Ignatius’s idea for creating the Society of Jesus became very popular in the 16th and 17th centuries, and with that growth Saint Ignatius was able to found missionaries, schools, universities and seminaries all around Europe. Saint Ignatius Loyola was significant because he and his Jesuit followers were used by the pope to…

In 1305, Philip IV convinced the body of Cardinals to appoint a French archbishop as the new pope. Clement V, the recently appointed pope, moved from Rome to the city of Avignon in France. The transfer to Avignon exceedingly enfeebled the Church. When reformers eventually attempted to relocate the papacy back to Rome, yet, the outcome was surprisingly severe. In 1378, Pope Gregory XI passed away while paying a visit to Rome. The body of Cardinals then gathered in Rome to select an inheritor. The…