Hemoglobin

Pernicious anemia is also known as Biermer’s disease and Addisonian anemia. The first clinical description of pernicious anemia, which is one of the known causes of megaloblastic anemia, has been attributed to Tomas Addison in 1849. One way pernicious can develop is the loss of gastric parietal cells, which are responsible for the secretion of intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum. Vitamin B12 helps the body make healthy red blood cells and helps keep…

Unfortunately, “Fetal hemoglobin normally drops dramatically after birth” [8] [9]. A newborn baby tends to have around 50-80% fetal hameolgobin. A 6 month old baby tends to have around 8% of HbF and over 6-months 1-2%[23]. The importance of fetal haemoglobin (HbF) in sufferers is due to its high oxygen affinity, which means it does not participate in the polymerization process (were abnormal hemoglobin become jammed in blood vessels, hindering the flow of blood…

What is Sickle Cell Disease? Sickle cell is an inherited blood disorder that affects red blood cells. People with sickle cell disease have red blood cells that contain mostly hemoglobin. Sometimes these red blood cells become sickle-shaped and have difficulty passing small blood vessels. Hemoglobin is the main substance of the red blood cells. It can help red blood cells carry oxygen from the air in our lungs to all parts of the body. Normal red blood cells are soft round and can squeeze through…

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder, in which people have abnormal hemoglobin. This causes a variety of problems for the person throughout their entire life, but severity of the disease varies. Sickle Cell Disease is not necessarily deadly, but it decreases the average life expectancy of a persson. In countries like the United states, a person with Sickle Cell Disease has a life expectancy of about forty to sixty years. Other than stem cell transplants there is no cure…

Gene Therapy in Hemoglobinopathy Hemoglobinonpathy is the lack of a molecule or total blood hemoglobin chains. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells. Example of the disease is alpha-thalassemia. This happens due to lack of one or two series of alpha-Zhlobin or beta (where the shortfall in one or two Zhlobin beta), for example, inheritance thalassemia is inherited through a recessive trait autosomal recessive physical. There are differences between the alpha thalassemia and beta…

blood transfusion, and pain relieving medications. Many people take the drug called Hydroxyurea (Droxia, Hydrea). This medication is to be taken orally and daily to reduce the number of blood transfusions. The medication works by targeting the fetal hemoglobin to reduce the formation of sickle cells. Although Hydroxyurea is taken by millions of sickle cell patients daily. It (Hydroxyurea) can cause a severe decrease in the number of blood cells in your bone marrow. It may also lead to serious…

Iron is an essential mineral that is needed for oxygen transport in the body’s blood and muscles. It is a major component in making hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscles. Hemoglobin and myoglobin are two proteins that transport oxygen from the lungs to the body’s muscles via blood. Iron also plays a role in energy metabolism. During exercise, iron aids the body by converting carbohydrates into energy and supplying the muscles with fresh oxygen. There are two forms of iron, heme…

abnormal hemoglobin S [HbS] leads to chronic hemolytic anemia, pain, and organ failure (Grossman & Porth, 2014). SCD is transmitted by a recessive gene and can manifest as a sickle cell trait or sickle cell disease. The sickle cell trait may manifest as a heterozygote with one HbS gene [HbS], and SCD may manifest as a homozygote with two HbS genes [HbSS] (Grossman & Porth, 2014). The atypical appearance of HbS results from a mutation within the hemoglobin molecule. Deoxygenated hemoglobin…

A reduction in the hemoglobin and hematocrit affects the body defense mechanism, the body immunity becomes compromised, and some internal organs over work in compensation for the lack of oxygen resulting in anemia. Anemia is noted when the amount of red blood cells in our body decreases, as well as reduction in the number of the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. The four classifications of anemia are, microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic, and hemolytic anemia. (Buttarro, Trybulski, Polgar Bailey,…

processes including an increase in production of bilirubin, decreased hepatic uptake, decreased conjugation, impaired excretion, impaired bile flow, or an in increase in enterohepatic circulation. The bulk of bilirubin comes from the breakdown of hemoglobin into unconjugated bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin binds to albumin in the blood so it can be transported to the liver where it is then taken by the hepatocytes and then conjugated with glucuronic acid by an enzyme so it can become water…