Chemical synapse

release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles after they move down the axon and fuse across the cleft. This vesicle transport depends on the protein kinesin which moves synaptic vesicles down the axon to the synapse for release. The inability to move a vesicle down the axon will be kinesin related since kinesin is linked principally with organelles that travel in the anterograde direction on the axon (Nobutaka). The nematode C. elegans is a model…

1. Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system. Neurons communicate through synapses. The nervous system transmits all messages to the brain. The messaging process moves in one direction to the cell body, where the cell body transmits an electrical pulse to the neurotransmitter this creates an impulse. 2. Throughout the normal day you use multiple parts of your brain. An activity that uses more than ten parts of your brain at once is if you hold your hand over a flame. Your Frontal…

Let’s talk a little about how similar a tree in our backyards is to a neuron in our brain. A human brain cell has close to 100 billion neurons. If that’s not impressive, I don’t know what else is. The parts of a neuron are much like the parts of a tree in many ways. The word dendrite is a greek term meaning “tree-like.” The dendrite is much like the branches on a tree because just like branches on a tree receives nutrients through the tree to the leaves to help grow more leaves, a dendrite grows…

POLYCHRONIZAT ION There has been recent experimental evidence that neurons can transmit information through precisely timed spike patterns. Patterns can be found in the precise spike timings of a group of neurons, which form a functional neuron group. Polychronization [20] can be defined as the ability to produce ‘time-locked’ but not synchronous firing patterns with milli-second precision. A network consisting of a group of neurons recurrently connected, with axonal delays and a synaptic…

Perry (1999) states that it was originally thought that higher brain functions in the cortex were able to control the lower primitive brain regions and it was this pervasive thought that influenced many therapeutic approaches. In recent years researchers have come to understand that under normal developmental conditions the prefrontal cortex is able to inhibit, organize and modulate the lower brain; however, in children who have experienced trauma the organization is altered. Perry (2012) goes…

How are humans, or any sentient life for that matter, anything more than complex arrangements of meat, neurons, and bone? The biophysical explanation of human physiology explains, quite in depth, the entire genetic makeup and biochemical arrangements from the simplicity of a ball and socket joint to the complexity of the brain. Surely the vast amount of research regarding human physiology could spearhead further research into the complexities of perception and thought, correct? There is no way…

dendrites receive, then giving that information to the cell body. Terminal buttons are located at the end of each axon branch and they are important because they release a chemical called a neurotransmitter whenever an axon is fired. The activity of other cells is affected by the neurotransmitter. A neurotransmitter is a chemical that will attach to a certain spot on the gate and then the gate opens up to allow positive sodium ions into the cell. Sodium ions are positively charged cations that…

order for the input and output mechanisms to go smoothly, these highly specialized cells, called neurons, must communicate not only with one another, but also with other muscles, and organs in an effective way throughout the body using electrical synapses. While neurons are made up off a cell body referred to as the soma, dendrites, and axon. Nerves consist of axons and sometimes nerve fibers, and each of those axons has the ability to produce an action potential. Action potential is a…

calcium. Whenever lead enter the body, primarily to ingestion, it goes and hides where calcium should be, in the bones and in the cell of the brain.” When lead get into the bone and brain, it stop the flow of calcium. “without the flow of calcium the synapse in the brain get weaker and the brain function suffer”( Morton). Lead disrupt brain growth and can lead to shrinkage or volume loss of brain tissue. Most of the brain volume loss happen in the frontal lobe, it is the region of the brain…

early beginnings to now. Most people believe that chemical warfare agents were first introduced during the World Wars. Interestingly enough, the concepts of these agents were developed as early as 600 B.C. They weren’t known as chemical warfare agents however; the techniques that were used mimic the action of these agents that are being used today. During the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens, the Spartan army used a mixture of chemicals in what they called the “Greek fire.” It was…