Captain Atom

FT-IR analysis. Figure 1 shows infrared spectra of CNC, CNC treated with HCl and CNC treated with NaOH. This Data suggests that there are no significant changes in the structure of CNC due to extreme acid and basic media exposition. All the major vibration modes remained unchanged, this included 3330 cm-1 broad band corresponding to OH stretching, 2890 cm-1 due to CH2 and CH asymmetric and symmetric stretching, 1638 cm-1 related to the bending mode of absorbed water, 1430 to 1330 regions…

Although, people expect the atoms of the elements to get as large or larger than their atomic number increases, this doesn’t occur because of the of the atom is determined by its diameter of the electron shell. Fact is, element atoms decrease in size as you move from left to right or across a row or period. Determining the weights scientists had passes currents through various solutions that would break them up into the constituent atoms. They responded to a battery polarity, atoms of one of the…

3.2. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) surface of Pyrazolooxazines. The correlation between the molecular structure and the physicochemical property of molecules, including biological molecules and MESP-based drugs, to distinguish electron rich zones (electrophilic attack) from electron-poor ones (a nucleophilic attack) 16, 17. We represent in this study the molecular surface of the electrostatic potential (MESP), the electrostatic potential (ESP) and the electron density (ED). MESP is a…

intermolecular forces. These are dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, ion-induced dipole, and London dispersion forces. The dispersion force, also known as van der Waals force, is the weakest force. It happens when temporary dipoles are induced in atoms or molecules. It usually increases proportionally with molar…

Electrons occupy energy levels within an atom when a photon of energy hf is absorbed by an electron in the n=1 level and if the energy is such that the electron is excited and ascends to the n=2 level after some time the electron will then descend back to the n=1 level and a photon of hf will then be emitted again. Each atom has its own unique absorption and emission spectrum this is because each atom has different energy levels and therefore is used to identify atoms in stars. When no magnetic…

and under Ernest Rutherford in Manchester. In 1913 he published his model of the atom, which was based on Rutherford’s planetary model. After his publication of his model he received worldwide fame. Unfortunately, Bohr’s model worked only for hydrogen atoms. Which made the final atomic model yet to be developed. In 1922 he received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1922 for his investigations of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emitting from them. Later on he served as a professor at…

De Broglie’s Hypothesis After Einstein put forth his photoelectric effect, people wondered what about the instances where light behaved as a wave? In 1923, the French physicist Louis de Broglie made an assertion. His Consideration of Einstein's equation of wavelength lambda to momentum p, de Broglie said that the relationship determines the wavelength, in the relationship: λ = h / p Where h is the Planck's constant This wavelength λ is called the de Broglie wavelength.…

For devices on Nano scale classical physics usually cannot explain transmission of electron through the insulating barrier with higher potential energy than kinetic energy of the tunnelling electrons and in this case the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle takes place. Barrier penetration can be explained from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle: If we were to say a particle cannot enter a barrier, we would actually say this particle is not there, i.e. its position uncertainty is Δx = 0 in the…

One of the most important physical properties of molecules is their chirality, or lack thereof which is known as achirality. Chirality is defined as the ability of a molecule to exist in two no superimposable images called enantiomers. This means that achirality is the opposite, in which molecule is superimposable on its mirror image. When two molecules are related in the fact that they are stereoisomers of each other, but are not mirror images. In nature chiral molecules do not exist in their…

REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES ABSTRACT The difference between aldehydes and ketones is by having a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group. This makes the aldehydes very easy to oxidize. Ketones do not have that hydrogen atom and are resistant to oxidation. They are only oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents which have the ability to break the carbon-carbon bonds. This report is about the reactions of aldehydes and ketones. This was done to determine how they react when different…