Bile

1) Figure 1 shows the test results that was entered in to the Api system to give possible causes of a bacterial urinary infection. Three microorganisms where listed, Escherichia coli 1, Serratia odorifera and Klebsiella oxytoca but gave an unacceptable profile due to in all three cases failing to get negative result in the TDA test with detects the use of tryptophan deaminase activity and the NO₂ test, turning nitrates in to nitriles. E.coli is one of the most common causes of an urinary…

Firstly, it is necessary to contextualise the medical knowledge that informed perceptions of pestilence during the fourteenth century. The views held by doctors and medical experts (those who studied at university or through apprenticeships, and were therefore literate and able to record their conceptions in the consilia and treatises available to the historian) were largely based on the authority of ancient texts. The work of Galen, who lived through the great pestilence of the second century,…

The pancreas is a compound glandular organ; derived from the endoderm, and is located in the retroperitoneum associated with several vital structures, which complicate diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Normally it has an average weight of 90 g, and is shaped like a tadpole, that is divided into four main anatomical areas: head, neck, body, and tail (7). The pancreatic head is the thickest portion of the pancreas and lies within the C-loop of the duodenum, to the right of the superior…

carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Liver – Processes the blood to remove any waste and impurities, and secretes bile, which aids with digestion in the small intestine, as well as carry waste from the liver that is unable to be processed by the kidneys. Gallbladder – The bile that is made in the liver is not always required by the small intestine, the gallbladder stores excess bile until it is needed for digestion. Part 2: Where Do Digested Food Molecules Go? Most digested food molecules…

Medicine started its evolution from the ancient Egyptians, Ancient Indians, had a system of medicine that was progressive for its time and had influenced later medical traditions. The Babylonians, Indians and Egyptians had introduced the concepts of medical prognosis, and medical examination. The Greeks went even further, and advanced as well medical ethics. The Hippocratic Oath, passed from many changes from its creation after was written in Greece in the 5th century, even then today it is…

the ways to rid the body of diseases. Sydenham based his ideas of medicine on a Greco-Roman named Galen. He was an expert in anatomy and studied the body by its humors. His theory suggested that the body contained four humors; blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Galen explained that when the humors were in balance, they body was in full health. When there was an excessive amount of the bodily humors, the body was unhealthy due to the imbalance. In order to bring the body back to…

Hippocrates is accredited with being as the leading personality to consider that diseases were instigated naturally, not owing to superstition and gods. Moreover, Hippocrates was attributed by the followers of Pythagoras of affiliating medicine and philosophy. He segregated the field of medicine from religion, trusting and holding a debate that disease was not a chastisement imposed by the gods, but rather the result of ecological influences, intake, and lifestyle habits. Certainly there is not…

Pathophysiology: Small Bowel Obstruction The effect of small bowel obstruction is connected to its start and location. The start, location, and length of the intestinal tract nearest to the obstruction and the existence and severity of ischemia. The cause of small bowel obstruction include hernias, adhesions within the abdomen and tumors. The lumen near the obstruction fills with a massive amount of fluid and gas. The obstruction keeps water and electrolytes from properly absorbing. As a…

father was an alcoholic. Payton’s biggest obstacle was his disease, known as primary sclerosing cholangitis. Primary sclerosing cholangitis or Psc is a chronic liver disease in which the bile ducts inside and outside the liver become inflamed and scarred, and eventually narrowed or blocked. When this happens, bile builds up in…

Good morning/afternoon. Between 460-370BC roughly lived a man by the name of Hippocrates. He learned medicine from his father and grandfather, and then continued on to make his own theories about the medicines and diseases of the time. Hippocrates is credited to be one of the first people to believe that diseases were not a curse from the gods, but rather caused by more natural processes. He separated medicine from religion instead linking the cause of diseases to the living standards and…