Acetylcholine

It starts with simple forgetfulness. “Where are my keys?” and “What day is it?” were questions that Betty began to ask when she reached her golden years. She was soon forgetting how to get to the grocery store and couldn’t remember the names of her children. Before long, she was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease, and it was quickly advancing. For months, Betty’s family struggled with the tantrums she would throw when someone urged her to attempt to remember something. Betty knew she was…

parasympathomimetic alkaloid that is found in products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and snuff. When someone consumes nicotine, either through smoking, inhaling, or chewing, specific neurotransmitter actions take place within the body and brain. Acetylcholine is replaced by nicotinic receptors, in the neurons, causing the membrane to become depolarized. This continuous action is what caused nicotine dependency. A smoker, for instance, who is addicted to nicotine, will experience…

for voluntary movement. When the brain sends signals to a muscle to contract, it goes through the spinal cord and peripheral nerves to the neuromuscular junction, releasing the chemical acetylcholine that triggers muscle contraction. From here, transportation of the chemicals produced from the reaction of acetylcholine go through muscle fiber membrane and the muscle contracts or relaxes. This membrane has a group of proteins called dytrophin-glycoprotien complex that protects the muscle fiber…

reticulum via a cascade of reactions. The fact that epinephrine had a positive impact on the heart indicates that the heart was healthy and responsive to normal physiological chemicals and pathways. Addition of acetylcholine predictably lowered the heart rate of the frog. Acetylcholine blocks the cAMP cascade pathway that ultimately leads to calcium release, thus the frequency at which calcium is released is lowered and as a result, the contraction rate follows suit and lowers as well which…

Summary: Neurodegeneration is a collective term characterized by structural and functional loss of neurons which is a gradual and progressive process. Various neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, etc. have been described by many biomarkers that are unusual in comparison to their baseline levels in the brain regions. Out of all the diseases, Alzheimer’s disease is the most prevailing disease in older patients with an average age greater…

In fact, myofilaments slide past one another due to the increase of calcium ions and the cell shortens. The flow of calcium in the synaptic vesicles begins the excitation process when acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft by a motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction. The acetylcholine activated the flow of sodium ions and out flow of potassium ions, in result the end plate of the membrane potential is raised. This moves it close to threshold. Voltage gated calcium channels…

According to Jim Fallon, professor of neuroscience at the University of California, the genetic basis of serial killers is different from the rest of the population, even though there is a pattern among them. Something that has to be taken on count is that one of the main violent genes, such as the MAO-A gene (also known as the warrior gene) are found in variants within the average population. Some people have it, because it is sex-linked and considering that is located on an X chromosome, it…

that it can be very cost effective but if I was giving the chance to create a drug that could cause paralysis in the muscle, the three control points that I would target would be the nervous system, neuromuscular blocker, and a disruption to the acetylcholine synthesis I will further explain these key points. Paralysis is a form of having no movement of the limbs there are many different forms of paralysis when it pertain to the body it can come in many stages. If I was to create a drug that…

2. A) The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the organelle that stores calcium in muscles cells. B) In order for calcium to be released from this organelle some events must occur. First, an action potential needs to reach the synaptic terminal. Then acetylcholine needs to be released into the sarcoplasm. After that, ACH molecules will land on receptors that are on the motor end plate. Then, an action potation is made and travels across the sarcolemma surface. After, the action potential travels down T…

The toxin was first discovered in 1735 Europe as it caused a fatal disease of the nervous system. Its cause was suspected to be connected to German Sausages. This is originally where its name came from, as due to these suspicions the toxin was named “botulus” – the Latin for sausage. Since then we know that Botulinum Toxin is a potent neurotoxin that is produced by rod-shaped spore-forming anaerobic bacterium called Clostridium bacterium. The bacterium require special conditions to reproduce;…