Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Excretory functions of urinary system |
Excretesharmful or excess substances from the blood stream, into the urine |
|
|
Regulatory functions of urinary system |
Maintainsa constant volume and composition of body fluids by varying the excretion ofsolutes and water Workswith hepatic, cardiovascular, pulmonary and nervous systems to regulate bloodpressure |
|
|
Endocrine functions of urinary system |
Secretes renin, erythropoietin (EPO), and calcitrol |
|
|
Renin |
Helpsactivate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to regulate blood pressure –Juxtaglomerularcells in afferent arteriole |
|
|
Erythropoietin (EPO) |
Promotesthe development of red blood cells in the bone marrow –Interstitialfibroblasts near peritubularcapillary plexus |
|
|
Calcitrol |
Stimulatesintestinal absorption of calcium |
|
|
Organs of urinary system |
Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra |
|
|
Functions of the urinary system |
Remove waste products from the bloodstream Storage and excretion of urine Regulation of blood pressure and volume Secretion of erythropoietin (regulation of erythrocyte production) |
|
|
Where is retroperitoneal located? |
Located against posterior abdominal wall |
|
|
The kidney is surrounded and suspended by... |
Fat |
|
|
The left kidney is ____ superior to right kidney |
2 cm |
|
|
What rests on top of the kidney? |
Adrenal gland |
|
|
Renal blood flow |
Renal artery Segmental artery Interlobar artery Arcuate artery Interlobular artery Afferent glomerular arteriole Glomerulus Efferent glomerular arteriole Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta Interlobular vein Arcuate vein Interlobar vein Segmental vein Renal vein |
|
|
Functions of nephrons |
Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Excretion |
|
|
What are nephrons known as? |
Functional unit of kidney |
|
|
How many nephrons are in each kidney? |
About 1 million (so 2 million total) |
|
|
What are the two types of nephrons? |
Cortical nephrons (85%) - in cortex Juxtamedullary nephrons (15%) - in medulla |
|
|
Which glomerular arteriole has less fluid? |
Efferent glomerular tubule |
|
|
Define glomerulus |
Thick tangle of fenestrated capillaries |
|
|
What is another name for glomerular capsule? |
Bowman's capsule |
|
|
What is filtrate? |
Fluid entering the glomerular capsule and renal tubule |
|
|
What are the 3 types of capillaries? |
Continuous - no holes Fenestrated - little holes Sinusoid - big holes |
|
|
What are podocytes? |
The rest on top of fenestrated capillaries and block transmission of big ions when we don't want them to pass |
|
|
Filtration slits open and close depending on... |
size of things we want to get rid of |
|
|
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do? |
Regulates blood pressure It's a final checkup before the blood leaves to the rest of the body There is a fresh supply of things we may have filtered out too much |
|
|
Where are juxtaglomerular apparatuses found? |
Where and afferent arteriole and a distal convoluted tubule touch |
|
|
What kind of cells are found in the distal convoluted tubule of a juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
Macula densa cells |
|
|
What kind of cells are found in the afferent arteriole of a juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
Juxtaglomerular cells |
|
|
Macula densa cells and juxtaglomerular cells cooperate to... |
regulate blood volume and pressure |
|
|
What do juxtaglomerular cells secrete and when? |
They secrete renin when you don't have enough fluid coming in through the afferent glomerular arteriole |
|
|
Low blood pressure means we need |
RENIN |
|
|
What tissue makes up the renal tubule? |
Simple cuboidal (important with secretion) Has microvilli |
|
|
Urine formula |
Urine = materials filtered (filtrate) - materials reabsorbed + materials secreted |
|
|
Proximal convoluted tubule |
Very active at reabsorption of nutrients, electrolytes and water Simple cuboidal epithelium with a lot of microvilli (brush border) |
|
|
Nephron loop |
Reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water |
|
|
Distal convoluted tubule |
Secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions Simple cuboidal epithelium and few microvilli Variable (regulated) reabsorption of water |
|
|
Collecting duct |
Variable (regulated) reabsorption of water Fluid leaving this duct is called urine |
|
|
Flow of urine |
Collecting duct Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra |
|
|
Ureters are... |
Retroperitoneal |
|
|
Urine in the renal pelvis causes... |
Peristaltic waves |
|
|
What 3 layers make up a ureter? |
Mucosa - transitional epithelium Muscularis - longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers Adventitia - connective tissue |
|
|
The urinary bladder is a ______ that is located _______ |
Collapsable, muscular sac that is found immediately posterior to symphysis pubis |
|
|
Function of urinary bladder |
Stores and expels urine |
|
|
Function of trigone |
Functions as a funnel to direct urine into the urethra as the bladder contracts |
|
|
Four layers of the urinary bladder and their kinds of tissue |
Mucosa - transitional epithelium Submucosa - dense irregular connective tissue Muscularis - detrusor muscle Adventitia - areolar connective tissue |
|
|
The urethra is a... |
Fibromuscular tube lined with a fibrous membrane |
|
|
Internal urethral sphincter |
Thickening of detrusor muscle Smooth muscle Involuntary |
|
|
External urethral sphincter |
Portion of urogential diaphragm Skeletal muscle Voluntary |
|
|
Fancy word for urination |
Micturition |
|
|
What is micturition controlled by? What stimulates it? What inhibits it? |
Centers in the pons and sacral spinal cord Parasympathetic NS stimulates it Sympathetic NS inhibits it |
|
|
Micturition reflex |
Stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated Internal and external urethral sphincters relax Detrusor and abdominal muscles contract |
|
|
3 urinary tract infections (UTI) |
Urethritis - inflammation in urethra Cystitis - inflammation in bladder Pyelonephritis - inflammation in kidney |
|
|
Symptoms of UTIs |
Dysuria Urgency Fever Nausea Back pain |
|
|
What is inability to control the expulsion of urine called? What causes it? |
Urinary incontinence Sphincters won't relax |
|
|
What is a fancy name for kidney stones? |
Urolithiasis |
|
|
Causes of kidney stones |
Inadequate fluid intake Diet |
|
|
Difference between small and large kidney stones |
Small stones can be asymptomatic and easily passed Large stones can become stuck in the urinary tract |
|
|
What are the two treatments for renal failure? |
Dialysis Kidney transplant |
|
|
Dialysis |
Blood cycled through a machine Done several times each week |
|
|
Kidney transplant |
Immunosuppressant drugs taken throughout life You may donate a kidney while living |
