Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What makes up the endocrine system? |
Endocrine glands Hormones Tropic hormones |
|
|
Endocrine glands |
Ductless Secrete hormones directly into the blood stream |
|
|
Hormones |
Are carried throughout the body by the bloodstream Initiate specific actions in target cells (cells that have receptors for that hormone) |
|
|
Tropic hormones |
Hormones that affect the release of other hormones ex. Gonadotropins (LH and FSH) are hormones that affect the release of sex hormones from the gonads |
|
|
In comparison to the nervous system, the endocrine system... |
Acts using hormones Can affect any cell in the body (target cells have hormone receptors) Has widespread effects Has slower but longer lasting responses |
|
|
What are the three types of hormones? |
Peptides Steroids Biogenic Amines |
|
|
Peptides |
Chains of amino acids (proteins) Most common hormone type Ex. Growth hormone (GH) |
|
|
Steroids |
Lipid derived from cholesterol Ex. Testosterone |
|
|
Biogenic Amines |
Produced by altering a specific amino acid Ex. Thyroid hormone |
|
|
What are the 3 functions of the hypothalamus? |
1. Produces regulatory hormones that either stimulate or inhibit anterior pituitary hormone secretion 2. Produces two hormones (oxytocin and antidiuretic) that are stored in and released from the posterior pituitary 3. Overseer of the ANS -- stimulates hormone secretion of the adrenal medulla via sympathetic ANS innervation |
|
|
What is the posterior pituitary gland made of? |
Nervous tissue |
|
|
What is the anterior pituitary made of? |
Glandular tissue Not neural (nervous?) tissue Cancer is more likely |
|
|
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system |
Portal veins that shunt blood carrying regulatory hormones from hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Is cancer more likely in neurohypophysis or adrenohypophysis? |
Adrenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) |
|
|
Where are posterior pituitary hormones made? |
Hypothalamus |
|
|
Where are OT and ADH stored and secreted? |
Posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin) |
Initiates water reabsorption during dehydration
Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction Hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus |
|
|
Oxytocin |
Uterine contractions and milk ejection |
|
|
Which of the anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones? |
FSH LH ACTH TSH |
|
|
What does GH act on? |
all body tissues, especially bone, muscle, and adipose tissue |
|
|
Pituitary Dwarfism |
Hyposecretion of GH in children |
|
|
Hyposecretion of GH in children |
Pituitary Dwarfism |
|
|
Pituitary Gigantism |
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood |
|
|
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood |
Pituitary gigantism |
|
|
Acromegaly |
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood (after the epiphyseal plates have closed) |
|
|
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood (after the epiphyseal plates have closed) |
Acromegaly |
|
|
What shape is the thyroid gland? |
Butterfly shaped |
|
|
Where is the thyroid gland located? |
Inferior to the larynx |
|
|
Which is the largest pure endocrine gland in the body? |
Thyroid gland |
|
|
Calcitonin |
Decreases blood calcium Decreases osteoclast activity and increases osteoblast activity |
|
|
What are the 3 thyroid hormone disorders? |
Endemic goiter Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism |
|
|
Endemic goiter |
Dietary iodine deficiency |
|
|
Hyperthyroidism |
Excessive TH production High metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, always feeling hot, tachycardia |
|
|
Hypothyroidism |
Decreased production of TH Low metabolic rate, weight gain, fatigue, always feeling cold |
|
|
Where are parathyroid glands located |
On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland |
|
|
Parathyroid hormone |
Increases blood calcium Increases osteoclast activity and decreases osteoblast activity |
|
|
Where is the thymus located? |
In the lower neck and mediastinum
|
|
|
What happens to the thymus after puberty? |
It yellows and atrophies |
|
|
What are corticosteroids? |
The steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex Ex. cortisol |
|
|
What do corticosteroids do? |
Act on the immune system by blocking inflammation Inhibit white blood cells |
|
|
What is a side-effect of corticosteroids? |
Increased susceptibility to infection |
|
|
Which diseases do we treat with corticosteroids? |
Inflammatory diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis Lupus Inflammatory bowel disease |
|
|
Should corticosteroids be used for a long period of time? |
No |
|
|
What are disorders of the adrenal cortex? |
Cushing syndrome Addison Disease |
|
|
Cushing syndrome and symptoms |
Hypersecretion of cortisol Symptoms: Redistributed body obesity "Moon face" "Buffalo hump" Kidney stones Skin becomes fragile and thin |
|
|
Addison disease and symptoms |
Hyposecretion of cortisol Symptoms: Weight loss General fatigue Hypotension (low blood pressure) |
|
|
Where is the pancreas located? |
In the posterior wall of abdominal cavity |
|
|
What do pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) produce? |
Alpha and beta cells |
|
|
Glucagon |
Secreted by alpha cells Glycogen breakdown in the liver Increases blood glucose levels |
|
|
Insulin |
Secreted by beta cells Signals body cells to take up glucose Decreases blood glucose levels |
|
|
Which type of diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood? |
Type I Diabetes |
|
|
Type I Diabetes |
Autoimmune disorder Absent or diminished production and release of insulin by the pancreatic islet cells "Insulin dependent" Develops suddenly |
|
|
Type II diabetes |
Decreased insulin release or decreased insulin effectiveness "Insulin independent" Develops more slowly |
|
|
Gestational Diabetes |
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy 20-50% chance of developing Type II later in life |
|
|
Define diabetes mellitus |
Insufficient secretion of insulin or resistance of body cells to effect of insulin |
|
|
Trophic hormone from anterior pituitary gland: follicle stimulating hormone |
stimulates maturation of sperm and follicle cells |
|
|
trophic hormone from anterior pituitary gland: luteinizing hormone |
stimulation of sex hormones in males and females |
|
|
hormone from anterior pituitary gland: melanocyte stimulating hormone |
stimulates melanocytes of epidermis to produce melanin |
|
|
hormone from thyroid gland: calcitonin |
prevents loss of calcium from bone -puts calcium IN bone and decreases blood calcium levels in the blood |
|
|
hormone from parathyroid gland: parathyroid hormone |
increases blood calcium levels in the blood -takes calcium out of bone |
|
|
type II diabetes is insulin ___________ |
independent |
|
|
type I diabetes is insulin ____________ |
dependent |
|
|
hormone from pancreas: glucagon |
-enhances breakdown of glycogen in liver -your body uses this when you are fasting, blood sugar stores in the liver and cells get released |
|
|
hormone from pancreas: insulin |
-takes blood sugar and puts it into the cells -storage of glycogen in liver and muscle cells |
|
|
What are the corticosteroids? |
CACA |
|
|
hormone from adrenal cortex: aldosterone |
regulates sodium and water eliminated by kidney tubules |
|
|
hormone from adrenal cortex: cortisol |
-anti inflammatory and anti stress-lowers immune system |
|
|
hormone from adrenal medulla: norepinephrine and epinephrine |
-increases blood pressure -sympathetic response-fight or flight |
|
|
hormone from testes: testosterone |
development of male sex organs |
|
|
hormone from ovaries: estrogen |
induces development and controls the function of female repro organs |
|
|
hormone from ovaries: progesterone |
-maturation of uterine endometrium (lining of uterus) -implantation of a fertilized egg |
|
|
hormone from placenta: human chorionic gonadotropin |
acts on the corpus luteum |
|
|
what hormone is detected in a pregnancy test? |
HCG, human chorionic gonadotropin |
