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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of the heart |
Beats approximately 75/minute, 108,000/day Average cardiac output is 5.25 liters/minute |
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Functions of the heart |
Functions as a dual pump (for the pulmonary and systemic circuits) |
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Pulmonary circuit |
Carries blood to and from the lungs Right ventricle is the pump |
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Systemic circuit |
Transports blood to and from the body tissues Left ventricle is the pump |
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Where is the heart located? |
Lies on the diaphragm, posterior to the sternum |
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What is the base of the heart? |
Posterior and superior surface of the heart |
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What is the apex of the heart? |
Anterior and inferior, points to the left hip |
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What are the 3 layers of the pericardium? |
Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium (parietal layer, visceral layer) |
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What is found in the pericardial cavity? |
Serous fluid |
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Functions of the pericardium? |
Prevents undesired movement Prevents overfilling of the heart Reduces friction |
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What is pericarditis? |
Inflammation of pericardium |
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What are the 3 layers of the heart wall? |
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium |
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Epicardium |
Visceral layer of serous pericardium Made up of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue and fat |
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Myocardium |
Cardiac muscle Bulk of the heart wall Myocardial infarctions occur here |
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Endocardium |
Lines chambers Covers valves Made up of areolar connective tissue and endothelium |
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Which is the receiving chamber for oxygen-poor blood from the systemic circuit? |
Right atrium |
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Which is the pump of the pulmonary circuit? |
Right ventricle |
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Which is the posterior surface of the heart? |
Left atrium |
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Which is the pump of the systemic circuit? |
Left ventricle |
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Which forms the apex and inferior surface of the heart? |
Left ventricle |
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Which is the most muscular of all the chambers? |
Left ventricle (wall is 3 times thicker than the right ventricle) |
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What is the structure of valves? |
Composed of dense connective tissue Two or three cusps |
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What is the function of valves? |
Permit passage of blood in one direction Prevent backflow of blood |
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What is another name for tricuspid and bicuspid valves? |
Atrioventricular valves |
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What is another name for pulmonary and aortic valves? |
Semilunar valves |
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What is fibrous skeleton? |
Connective tissue located between the atria and ventricles |
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What are the functions of fibrous skeleton? |
Separates the atria and ventricles (structurally and electrically) Anchors heart valves Framework for muscle attachment |
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Where is oxygen-poor blood found? |
Coronary veins Coronary sinus Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary arteries |
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Where is oxygen-rich blood found? |
Pulmonary veins Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta Coronary arteries |
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Systole |
Contraction of a heart chamber |
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Diastole |
relaxation of a heart chamber |
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Cardiac cycle |
period of time from start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next |
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What are the steps in the cardiac cycle? |
Atrial systole (both atria contract at the same time) Ventricular systole (both ventricles contract at the same time) Ventricular diastole (ventricles relax together) |
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Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue |
Fibers are short, branched, and contain 1-2 nuclei Cells are joined by intercalated discs (gap junctions increase flow of electrical current and desmosomes prevent cardiac muscle from pulling apart) More mitochondria and ATP than skeletal muscle |
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Order of the nodes |
Sinoatrial node (pacemaker) Atrioventricular node Atrioventricular bundle |
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Heart failure |
Progressive weakening of heart Heart can no longer pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body Weakened ventricles fail to empty completely. they become overfilled and blood backs up into veins behind the ventricle Many result in edema (congestion) in the tissue outside the pulmonary or systemic circuits |
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Myocardial infarction |
Commonly called a heart attack Caused by blockage of a coronary artery Lack of blood flow to a region of the myocardium can cause heart muscle to die because of lack of oxygen |
