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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 functions of blood? |
Transportation Regulation Protection |
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Transportation of blood |
Oxygen and carbon dioxide Nutrients, hormones, and waste products |
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Regulation of blood |
Absorbs heat and distributes throughout the body Regulates body pH and fluid levels |
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Protection of blood |
Protects from infection Transports infection-fighting antibodies Forms blood clots |
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Blood is composed of... |
Plasma (55%) Buffy coat -- leukocytes and paletets (<1%) Erythrocytes (44%) |
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Define hemacrit Give values and why can they vary? |
Percentage of blood volume made of red blood cells Males: 42-56% Females: 38-46% Can vary with hormone changes and altitude |
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What are the two ways Blood doping is done? |
Athlete donates RBC to himself Can also be done with EPO (Erythropoietin increases RBC production) |
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How does an athlete donate RBCs to himself? |
A unit of blood is removed and stored Body replaces this lost blood Unit of blood is injected back into the body, increasing the hemacrit |
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Why is blood doping thought to be favorable and why is it dangerous? |
Thought to favorably affect muscle performance Dangerous because of increased blood viscosity |
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What is plasma made up of? |
Water (92%) Proteins (7%) - albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and regulatory proteins Other solutes - electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products |
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What are the 5 leukocytes? |
Neutrolphils Lympocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils |
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Characteristics of erythrocytes (RBC) |
Anucleated (no nucleus or organelles) Biconcave discs Filled with hemoglobin RBCs line up in single file as they pass through small vessels |
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What do biconcave discs do? |
Allow gases to be loaded and unloaded efficiently |
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What does hemoglobin do? |
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Erythrocyte life cycle |
1. Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow 2. Erythrocytes circulate in bloodstream for 120 days 3. Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen 4. Heme compounds of blood are recycled or secreted in bile by the liver 5. Erythrocyte membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused to make new erythrocytes |
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What identifies blood type? |
Surface antigens
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What kind of antibodies does blood contain? |
Antibodies against the antigens it does not have |
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Surface antigens make are made of... |
Erythrocytes |
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What are antibodies made of? |
Plasma |
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What does an agglutination test test for? |
to see if blood types are compatible |
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Agglutination test formula Unsuccessful if... |
Donor blood type + recipient blood type = agglutination reaction There is agglutination or clumping |
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Rh- individuals don't develop antibodies unless... |
they are exposed to Rh+ blood |
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn |
1st pregnancy: Antigen D introduced to mother's blood Between pregnancies: Anti-D antibodies produced in the mother 2nd pregnancy: Anti-D antibodies attack Rh+ fetal erythrocytes |
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What do RhoGAM shots do? |
Prevent the mother from rejecting future Rh+ babies |
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Hemolytic disease is only applicable if |
the mother is Rh- |
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What are the two erythrocyte disorders? |
Polycythemia Anemia |
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Polycythemia |
Too many erythrocytes in the blood Increases viscosity of blood, placing strain on the heart |
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Anemia |
Too few RBCs leads to low oxygen levels |
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What are two types of anemia |
Iron deficiency anemia Sickle cell disease |
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Iron deficiency anemia |
Lack of iron diet or chronic blood loss |
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Sickle cell disease |
Genetic disease RBC is sickle-shaped Hemolysis |
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Characteristics of leukocytes (WBC) |
Larger than erythrocytes Contain nucleus and organelles Initiate the immune response and defend against pathogens |
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What is diapedesis? |
WBCs leave the blood stream and enter tissues |
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What is chemotaxis? |
WBCs are attracted to the site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens |
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Neutrophil |
1st responder Kills live things Phagocytizes pathogens during initial stages of inflammation |
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Eosinophil |
Destroys parasites |
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Basophil |
Releases histamine and heparin during inflammation and allergic reactions |
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Monocyte |
Becomes a macrophage Gets rid of dead things |
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Lymphocyte |
Resides in lymphatic tissue Coordinates immune response T and B cells |
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What are granulocytes? |
Neutrophil
Eosinophil Basophil |
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What are agranulocytes? |
Monocyte Lymphocyte |
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What is the normal WBC count? |
Between 5,000 and 10,000 per microliter of blood |
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What is it called when you have high WBC count? |
Leukocytosis |
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What is it called when you have low WBC count? |
Leukopenia |
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What are the symptoms of leukocytosis? |
Infection Inflammation Extreme stress |
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What are the symptoms of leukopenia? |
Certain types of viral or bacterial infections |
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What is leukemia? |
Cancer in the leukocyte-forming cells Proliferation of abnormal leukocytes Cancer cells take over bone marrow and slow production of erythrocytes and thrombocytes (causes anemia and bleeding) |
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Thrombocytes (platelets) |
Cell fragments of megakaryocytes Platelets live for 8 to 10 days |
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What are in blood clots? |
Fibrin (from fibrinogen) Thrombocytes Trapped erythrocytes |
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What are two clotting disorders? |
Thrombocytopenia Hemophilia |
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Thrombocytopenia |
Low platelet count Results from damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, or overactive spleen |
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Hemophilia |
Lack of clotting factors in plasma Usually acquired genetically |
