Pdbio Exam 2 Lecture 10

Front 1

What makes up the CNS?

Back 1

Brain

Spinal cord

Front 2

What makes up the PNS?

Back 2

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

Ganglia

Front 3

What are the subcategories of the nervous system?

Back 3

Sensory nervous system:

Somatic sensory

Visceral sensory

Motor nervous system:

Somatic motor

Automatic motor

Front 4

Sensory nervous system

Back 4

Contains receptors

Transmits information from receptors to the CNS (afferent)

Front 5

Motor nervous system

Back 5

Transmits information from CNS to effectors (muscles or glands) (efferent)

Front 6

Somatic sensory

Back 6

Receives sensory information from skin, joint, skeletal muscles, and special senses

Front 7

Visceral sensory

Back 7

Receives sensory information from viscera

Front 8

Somatic motor

Back 8

"Voluntary" nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle

Front 9

Automatic motor

Back 9

"Involuntary" nervous system: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Front 10

What do electrical synapses require?

Back 10

Gap junctions

Front 11

What do chemical synapses utilize?

Back 11

Neurotransmitters

Front 12

Most abundant glial cells in the CNS

Back 12

Astrocytes

Front 13

Surround somas in ganglia

Back 13

Satellite cells

Front 14

Form myelin in the CNS

Back 14

Oligodendocytes

Front 15

Form myelin in PNS

Back 15

Neurolemmocytes

Front 16

Line internal cavities of the brain

Back 16

Ependymal cells

Front 17

Respond to infection in the CNS

Back 17

Microglial cells

Front 18

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Back 18

Also called ALS or Lou Gehrig Disease

Degeneration of the somatic motor system (lose control of somatic nervous tissue)

Atrophied muscles cause breathing, speaking, and swallowing difficulties

NO effective treatment or cure exists

Front 19

Neurons

Back 19

Highly energetic and demand a lot of blood

They transmit nerve impulses

Front 20

Glial cells

Back 20

Slaves to the neurons

Non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons

Front 21

Primary tumor of the CNS

Back 21

Tumors form in the meninges or glial cells

Involves glial cells b/c they can divide and cause cancer

Neurons cannot become tumors because they cannot divide (cannot be cancerous)

Front 22

Secondary tumor of the CNS

Back 22

Tumor forms in another site (lung, skin or breast cancers) but spreads to the brain when glial cells divide

Front 23

Neuron characteristics

Back 23

High metabolic rate (need constant glucose and oxygen)

Longevity

Non-mitotic (don't divide)

Front 24

Random facts about neurons

Back 24

When you're born, have have more neurons than you ever will in your life

Lose them in a process called "pruning" -- brain decides what's important and not (ends at age 30)

Autistic kids don't prune so they have too many neurons

Front 25

Unipolar neuron

Back 25

Little dendrites coming off of a big axon

Cell body only connects to axon

(Sensory neurons)

Front 26

Bipolar neuron

Back 26

Dendrites comes off of one side of the cell body and the axon comes off of the other

(Special senses, uncommon)

(ALWAYS sensory neurons)

Front 27

Multipolar neurons

Back 27

Axon and multiple dendrites come off of the cell body

(Most common type, motor neurons, interneurons)

Front 28

Which type of neurons are sensory?

Back 28

Unipolar and bipolar

Front 29

Which type of neurons are motor?

Back 29

Multipolar

Front 30

Is afferent tranmission sensory or motor? Is the cell body inside or outside the spinal cord?

Back 30

sensory, outside

Front 31

Is efferent tranmission sensory or motor? Is the cell body inside or outside the spinal cord?

Back 31

Motor, inside

Front 32

Cell bodies are in...

Back 32

PNS ganglia and CNS grey matter

Front 33

Axons are in...

Back 33

PNS nerves and CNS white matter

Front 34

Where is the commissure in the brain?

Back 34

Following the corpus callosum on a sagittal cut

Front 35

Where is the tract in the brain?

Back 35

Going down from top left and right and heading towards pons

Front 36

Astrocyte

Back 36

Controls ionic environment

Induces formation of the blood brain barrier

Front 37

Oligodendrocyte

Back 37

Forms myelin sheaths of the CNS

Front 38

Microglial cell

Back 38

Macrophages of the CNS

Front 39

Ependymal cell

Back 39

Lines brain internal cavities (ventricles)

Front 40

What are the glial cells of the CNS?

Back 40

Astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglial cell, and ependymal cell

Front 41

What are the glial cells of the PNS?

Back 41

Satellite cell and Schwann cell (Neurolemmocyte)

Front 42

Satellite cell

Back 42

Protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia

Front 43

Schwann cell (Neurolemmocyte)

Back 43

Myelinates PNS axons (each forms one myelin sheath)

Front 44

What do you think of for myelin sheaths?

Back 44

The wave

Front 45

What is the structure of myelin sheaths?

Back 45

Made of oliodendrocytes in the CNS

Made of Schwann cells in the PNS

White, fatty coating

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 46

What is the function of myelin sheaths?

Back 46

Supports, protects, and insulates axon

Increases speed of contuction

Front 47

Multiple sclerosis

Back 47

Patches of myelin in the brain and spinal cord are destroyed

Autoimmune disease

Affects 1 out of every 1000 people

Symptoms: blindness, weakness, numbness

Front 48

Nerves are...

Back 48

Cable-like bundles of parallel axons

3 connective tissue wrappings

Front 49

What is the function of a synapse?

Back 49

Site at which neurons communicate with other neurons, muscles or glands

Front 50

What is the structure of a synapse?

Back 50

Presynaptic neuron (synaptic vessels contain neurotransmitters

Synaptic cleft

Postsynaptic neuron (contain receptors)