Physiology Exam 2 Lecture 10

Front 1

what causes the formation of an active zone?

Back 1

rushing calcium ions

Front 2

definition. activated by neurotransmitters or other chemical messengers released by nearby neurons glia or the axon termainl itself

Back 2

autoreceptors

Front 3

definition provides feedback mechanisms to regulate neurotrans output mostly negative feedback by neurotrans to decrease their own rlease

Back 3

autreceptors

Front 4

what turns off the release of neurotrans

Back 4

negative feedback

Front 5

what are the possible drug effects on synaptic effectiventess

Back 5

LESBNRRS
Leakage or neurotrans exposing to breakdown

Enzymes blocked that metabolize transmitter

Second messenger stimulation or inhibition

Bind to postsynaptic receptor to block or mimic

Neurotrans release increase

Release of neurotrans blocked

Reuptake of neurotrans blocked

Synthesis of neurotrans inhibited

Front 6

what can drugs tell us

Back 6

how neurotrans are handled

Front 7

what are the five types of neurotrans

Back 7

BANAM
Biogenic amines
Acetylcholine
Neuropeptides
Amino acides
Miscellaneous

Front 8

may neuromods be co released with neurotrans?

Back 8

YES they may be co released

Front 9

neuromod or neurotrans...hormones paracrine agents and chemical messengers

Back 9

neuromods

Front 10

neuromod or neurotrans...their receptors influnce channels that directly affect excitation or inhibition of the postynaptic cell

Back 10

neurotrans

Front 11

neuromod or neurotrans... which is faster and why

Back 11

neurotrans because it is a direct affect

Front 12

neuromod or neurotrans...often funciton to modify the post synaptic cell's response to neurotrans positively or negatively

Back 12

neuromod

Front 13

neuromod or neurotrans...their receptors most often influence synaptic activity via G coupled to second messenger systems

Back 13

neuromod

Front 14

neuromod or neurotrans...associated with neurological processes requiring rapid communication

Back 14

neurotrans

Front 15

neuromod or neurotrans...associated with slower neurological events such as learning and development

Back 15

neuromod

Front 16

can neurotrans be neuromods?

Back 16

YES

Front 17

what is the most prevelant type of receptor in the nervous system

Back 17

g protein coupled receptors

Front 18

in terms of terminology what is the missing prefix to all of the ergic neurons

Back 18

the neurotrans to be released

Front 19

what is the major neurotrans in the PNS at the neuromuscular junction

Back 19

ACh

Front 20

what is the ergic term that goes with ACh

Back 20

cholinergic which refers to the type of neuron

Front 21

synaptic levels of ACh are regulated by _______

Back 21

acetylcholinesterase

Front 22

what two types of receptors bind ACh

Back 22

nicotinicand muscarinic receptors

Front 23

definition. neuromuscular junctions ad in the brain

Back 23

nicotinic receptors

Front 24

defintiion. brain junctions of neurons with glands and organs for example the heart

Back 24

muscarinic receptors

Front 25

what are the three types of catecholamines

Back 25

dopamine norepinephrine and epinephrin

Front 26

where do Da NE and Epi derived from

Back 26

the aa tyrosine

Front 27

dopamine =

Back 27

adrenyline

Front 28

are catecholamines important to CNS and PNS function

Back 28

yes

Front 29

upon release, synatpic levels of catacholamines are regulated by ______ _____ and by _____ by enzymes such as MAO

Back 29

presynaptic reuptake and degradation

Front 30

what plays an essential role in states of consciousness mood motivation directed attention movement bp and hormone release

Back 30

catecholamines

Front 31

what neurons release dopamine

Back 31

dopaminergic

Front 32

what neurons release epi and NE

Back 32

adrenergic and noradrenergic

Front 33

what are the two major classes of epi and NE receptors

Back 33

alpha adrenergic receptors an dbeta adrenergic receptors

Front 34

5HT =

Back 34

seratonin

Front 35

what is the precursor to seratonin

Back 35

tryptophan

Front 36

is seratonin a neuromod or neurotrans

Back 36

neuromod because of its slow effects

Front 37

this neurotrans is very abundant in the entire CNS as well as in blood immune system and the GI tract

Back 37

5HT

Front 38

seratonin generlaly has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on pathways involved i muscle control

Back 38

excitatory

Front 39

seratonin generally has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on pathways that mediate sensations

Back 39

inhibitory

Front 40

this neurotrans plays a role in regulation of motor activity sleep food intake reproductive behavior and emotional states such as modd and anxiety

Back 40

seratonin

Front 41

what neurotrans is targeted by anti depressants

Back 41

seratonin

Front 42

in general what are the most prevalent neurotrans in the CNS

Back 42

amino acid neurotrans and they are both excitatory and inhibitory

Front 43

what are two important excitatory amino acids

Back 43

glutamate and asparatate

Front 44

definition. the most common neurotrans at excitatory synapses in the CNS

Back 44

glutamate

Front 45

this is the most common neurotrans at excitatory synapses in the CNS

Back 45

glutamate

Front 46

does gluatmate have more ionotropic or metabotropic receptors

Back 46

ionotropic

Front 47

what are the two kinds of receptors that glutamate uses

Back 47

AMPA and NMDA receptors

Front 48

cooperative activits of AMPA and NMDA receptors play a role in ___ ____ _______

Back 48

LTP long term potentiation

Front 49

definition. a mechannism that couples frequendct activity across a synapse with long lasting changes in the strength of signaling across the synapse

Back 49

long term potentiation

Front 50

true or false. long term potentiaion is thought oto be process underlying learning and memory

Back 50

true

Front 51

definition. when glutamate containing neurons rupture they release a flood of glutamate that overstimulates AMPA and NMDA receptors on nearby neurons...what in general is occuring

Back 51

excitotoxicity lor calcium toxicity

Front 52

what does calcium toxicity lead to

Back 52

hyperexcited cell and cell dies releasing its glutamate

Front 53

what do AMPA and NMDA regulate

Back 53

calcium

Front 54

this is the major inhibitory neurotrans in the brain

Back 54

GABA

Front 55

binding of GABA to an ionotropic receptor increases ___ flux causing ______ of the postsynaptic membrane

Back 55

Cl- and hyperpolarization this prevents action potentials and dinhibits

Front 56

what kind of drugs work through GABA receptors

Back 56

benzodizepine anti anxiety and anti seizure

Front 57

this is the major neurotrans released from inhibitory interneurons in the psinal cord and brainstem

Back 57

glycine

Front 58

are glycine and GABA different or similar?

Back 58

similar

Front 59

what neurons are essential to regulating spinal cord intergrating centers that regulate skeletal muscle contraction

Back 59

glycinergic

Front 60

what are two examples of neuropeptides

Back 60

opiods and substance P

Front 61

this neuropeptide plays a role in regulating pain and eating drinking behavior regulation of the cardivascular system and in mood and emotion

Back 61

opiods

Front 62

this neuropeptide released by afferent neurons relays sensory infromation into the CNS involved in pain sensation

Back 62

substance P