Milady Chapter 6

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

the study of the human body structures that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized; it is the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The study of the functions and activities performed by the body's structures

Front 3

Histology

Back 3

Also known as microscopic anatomy, is the study of tiny structures found in living tissues

Front 4

Cells

Back 4

The basic units of all living things, from bacteria to plants to animals, including human beings.

Front 5

Protoplasm

Back 5

A colorless jelly-like substance found inside cells in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present.

Front 6

Nucleus

Back 6

The dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell; it plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism.

Front 7

Cytoplasm

Back 7

The protoplasm of a cell, except for the protoplasm in the nucleus, that surrounds the nucleus; it is the watery fluid that cells need for growth, reproduction, and self-repair.

Front 8

Cell membrane

Back 8

The cell part that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.

Front 9

Mitosis

Back 9

The usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells.

Front 10

Centrioles

Back 10

Small structures near the nucleus that move to each side during the mitosis process to help divide the cell.

Front 11

Metabolism

Back 11

A chemical process that takes place in living organisms, through which the cells are nourished and carry out their activities.

Front 12

Anabolism

Back 12

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. During this process, the body stores water, food, and oxygen for the times when these substances will be needed for cell growth, reproduction, or repair.

Front 13

Catabolism

Back 13

The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones. This process releases energy that has been stored.

Front 14

Tissue

Back 14

A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.

Front 15

Connective Tissue

Back 15

Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body.

Front 16

Epithelial Tissue

Back 16

A protective covering on body surfaces, such as skin, mucous membranes, the tissue inside the mouth, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands.

Front 17

Muscle Tissue

Back 17

Contracts and moves various parts of the body.

Front 18

Nerve tissue

Back 18

Carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.

Front 19

Organs

Back 19

Structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform functions in plants and animals.

Front 20

Body systems

Back 20

groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions.

Front 21

Skeletal System

Back 21

Forms the physical foundation of the body and is composed of 206 bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by movable an immovable joints.

Front 22

Joint

Back 22

The connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.

Front 23

Skull

Back 23

The skeleton of the head and is divided into two parts: cranium and facial skeleton.

Front 24

Occipital Bone

Back 24

Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape.

Front 25

Parietal bones

Back 25

Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium.

Front 26

Frontal bones

Back 26

Bone that forms the forehead.

Front 27

Temporal Bones

Back 27

Bones that form the sides of the head in the ear region.

Front 28

Ethmoid Bone

Back 28

Light spongy bone between the eye sockets; form part of the nasal cavities.

Front 29

Sphenoid bone

Back 29

Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together.

Front 30

Nasal bones

Back 30

Bones that form the bridge of the nose.

Front 31

Lacrimal bones

Back 31

small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits

Front 32

Zygomatic bones

Back 32

bones that form the prominence of the cheeks

Front 33

Maxillae

Back 33

Bones of the upper jaw

Front 34

Mandible

Back 34

lower jawbone

Front 35

Hyoid bone

Back 35

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles

Front 36

Cervical vertebrae

Back 36

The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region.

Front 37

Thorax

Back 37

Consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. It is an elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.

Front 38

Scapula

Back 38

Large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder.

Front 39

Sternum

Back 39

Flat bone that forms the front support of the ribs.

Front 40

Clavicle

Back 40

Bone that joins the sternum and the scapula

Front 41

Humerus

Back 41

Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.

Front 42

Ulna

Back 42

Smaller bone int he forearm on the same side as the thumb.

Front 43

Carpus

Back 43

Wrist

Front 44

Metacarpus

Back 44

Bones of the palm of the hand

Front 45

Femur

Back 45

Heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee

Front 46

Tibia

Back 46

Larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. The tibia may be visualized as a bump on the big-toe side of the ankle.

Front 47

Fibula

Back 47

Smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee; may be visualized as a bump on the little-toe side of the ankle

Front 48

Patella

Back 48

Kneecap

Front 49

Talus

Back 49

Ankle bone

Front 50

Muscular System

Back 50

The body system that covers, shapes, and holds the skeletal system in place

Front 51

Myology

Back 51

the study of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles

Front 52

Striated muscles

Back 52

Muscles that are attached to the bones and are voluntary or are consciously controlled.

Front 53

Nonstriated muscles

Back 53

Smooth muscles; Muscles that are involuntary and function automatically without conscious will.

Front 54

Origin

Back 54

The part of the muscle that does not move and is attached closest to the skeleton.

Front 55

Belly

Back 55

The middle part of the muscle

Front 56

Insertion

Back 56

The part of the muscle that moves and is farthest from the skeleton

Front 57

Epicranius

Back 57

Occipitofrontalis; broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis

Front 58

Occipitalis

Back 58

Back portion of the epicranius; the muscle that draws the scalp backwards.

Front 59

Frontalis

Back 59

Front portion of the epicranius; the muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.

Front 60

Epicranial aponuerosis

Back 60

Tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles

Front 61

Auricularis superior

Back 61

Muscle above the ear that draws the ear upward

Front 62

Auricularis anterior

Back 62

Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward.

Front 63

Auricularis posterior

Back 63

Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward.

Front 64

Masseter and Temporalis

Back 64

Muscles of mastication, chewing muscles

Front 65

Platysma muscle

Back 65

Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowing the lower jaw and lip

Front 66

Sternocleidomastoideus

Back 66

Muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head

Front 67

Oribcularis oculi muscle

Back 67

ring muscle of the eye sockets; enables you to close your eyes

Front 68

Corrugator muscle

Back 68

Muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi that draws the eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.

Front 69

Procuerus muscle

Back 69

Covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose

Front 70

Buccinator muscle

Back 70

Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips

Front 71

Depressor labii inferioris muscle

Back 71

Muscle surrounding the lower lip; lowers the lip and draws it to one side, as in expressing sarcasm.

Front 72

Levator anguli oris muscle

Back 72

Caninus muscle; muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward

Front 73

Levator labii superioris muscle

Back 73

Muscle surrounding the upper lip, elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste.

Front 74

Mentalis muscle

Back 74

Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin.

Front 75

Orbicularis oris muscle

Back 75

Flat band of muscle around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips.

Front 76

Risorius muscle

Back 76

Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back, as in grinning.

Front 77

Triangularis Muscle

Back 77

Muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth.

Front 78

Zygomaticus major muscles

Back 78

Muscles on both sides of the face that extend from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth. These muscles pull the mouth upward and backward, as when you are laughing or smiling.

Front 79

Latissimus dorsi

Back 79

Large, flat triangular muscle covering the lower back; it helps extend the arm away from the body and rotate the shoulder.

Front 80

Pectoralis major

Back 80

Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm

Front 81

Serratus anterior

Back 81

Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm

Front 82

Trapezius

Back 82

Muscles that covers the back of the neck and the upper and middle region of the back; rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm

Front 83

Bicep

Back 83

Muscles that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow.

Front 84

Deltoid

Back 84

Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.

Front 85

Tricep

Back 85

Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm.

Front 86

Extensors

Back 86

Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line.

Front 87

Flexor

Back 87

Extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist.

Front 88

Pronator

Back 88

Muscle that turns the hand inward so that the palm faces downard

Front 89

Supinator

Back 89

Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward.

Front 90

Abductors

Back 90

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. Separate the fingers.

Front 91

Adductors

Back 91

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In hand, adductors draw the fingers together.

Front 92

Extensor digitorum longus

Back 92

Muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes.

Front 93

Extensor hallucis longos

Back 93

Muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot

Front 94

Tibialis anterior

Back 94

Muscle that covers the front of the shin; bends the foot upward and inward

Front 95

Peroneus longus

Back 95

Muscle that covers the outer side of the calf; inverts the foot and turns it outward

Front 96

Peroneus brevis

Back 96

Muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula; it bends the foot down and out

Front 97

Gastrocnemius

Back 97

Muscle that is attached to the lower rear surface of the heel and pulls the foot downard

Front 98

Soleus

Back 98

Muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down.

Front 99

Central Nervous System

Back 99

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. It controls the consciousness and many mental activities, voluntary functions of the five senses and voluntary muscle actions including all body movements and facial expressions.

Front 100

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 100

A system of nerves that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; it has both sensory and motor nerves, its function is to carry impulses, or messages, to and from the central nervous system

Front 101

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 101

The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; it regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing

Front 102

Sensory Nerves

Back 102

Carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations such as touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced.

Front 103

Motor nerves

Back 103

Carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands

Front 104

Atrium

Back 104

An upper, thin-walled chamber through which blood is pumped to the ventricles. There is a right and left.

Front 105

Ventricles

Back 105

Lower, thick-walled chamber that receives blood from the atrium. Right and left

Front 106

Valves

Back 106

Structures that temporarily close a passage or permit blood flow in only one direction

Front 107

Pulmonary circulation

Back 107

Sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified, then back to the heart again.

Front 108

Systemic circulation

Back 108

Carries the blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart.

Front 109

Tricuspid valve

Back 109

Valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart

Front 110

Mitral valve

Back 110

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart

Front 111

Blood vessels

Back 111

Tube-like structures that include the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.

Front 112

Arteries

Back 112

Thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to arterioles.

Front 113

Arterioles

Back 113

Small arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries

Front 114

Capillaries

Back 114

Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to venules. Bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.

Front 115

Venules

Back 115

Small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins. They collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into the veins.

Front 116

Veins

Back 116

Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; veins contain cup-like valves that keep blood flowing in one direction to the heart and prevent blood from flowing backwards. Carry blood containing waste products back to the heart and lungs for cleaning and to pick up oxygen.

Front 117

Lymphatic/immune system

Back 117

Made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels. Carries waste and impurities away from the cells and protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing microorganisms.

Front 118

Lymph

Back 118

A clear fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces of the body.

Front 119

Iterstitial fluid

Back 119

Blood plasma found in the spaces between tissue cells

Front 120

Lymph capillaries

Back 120

Blind end tubes that are the origin or lymphatic vessles

Front 121

Lymph nodes

Back 121

Gland-like structures found inside lymphatic vessels; filter lymphatic vessels, which help fight infection

Front 122

Endocrine System

Back 122

Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual functions, and health of the entire body

Front 123

Glands

Back 123

Secretory organs that remove and release certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds

Front 124

Endocrine glands

Back 124

Ductless glands, release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream (thyroid and pituitary glands)

Front 125

Exocrine Glands

Back 125

Duct glands, sweat and oil glands of the skin, produce a substance that travels through small, tube-like ducts

Front 126

Excretory System

Back 126

Group of organs including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, and lungs, that are responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waste matter.

Front 127

Integumentary System

Back 127

Consists of the skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails.