Milady Esthetics Chapter 6

Front 1

histology

Back 1

microscopic anatomy

Front 2

protoplasm

Back 2

the cells of all living things are composed of protoplasm. it can be thought of as the clear gel of a raw egg.

Front 3

necleus

Back 3

an organelle. dense active protoplasm found in the center of a cell. is like the egg yolk of raw egg.

Front 4

organelle

Back 4

small organ

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nucleoplasm

Back 5

fluid within the nucleus that contains proteins and DNA.

Front 6

DNA

Back 6

deoxyribonucleic acid. an important acid that determines our generic makeup, including color of eyes, skin, and hair.

Front 7

mitosis

Back 7

usual process of cell reproduction in human tissues. occurs when 2 cells divide into 2 identical daughter cells.

Front 8

list favorable conditions for cells to grow and reproduce.

Back 8

food, oxygen, water; and suitable temperatures and the ability to eliminate waste products.

Front 9

list some unfavorable conditions that effect cell growth and reproduction

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toxins, disease, and injury.

Front 10

metabolism

Back 10

chemical process that takes place in living organisms

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anabolism

Back 11

is constructive metabolism, the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. the body stores water, food, and oxygen for the time when these substances will be needed for cell growth and repair.

Front 12

catabolism

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phase of metabolism in which complex compound within the cell are broken down into smaller ones. this process releases energy that is stored by special molecules to be in muscle contractions, body secretions, or heart production.

Front 13

collagen and elastin are protein fibers also located

Back 13

in the connective tissue.

Front 14

epithelial tissue

Back 14

protective covering on body surfaces. examples are skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands.

Front 15

function of the liver

Back 15

it is the organ responsible for removing waste created by digestion.

Front 16

body systems: what are they, and how many major ones.

Back 16

group of body organs working together to perform one or more functions. 11 major body systems

Front 17

muscles are connected to bones by

Back 17

tendons.

Front 18

Blank is the connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.

Back 18

a joint

Front 19

number of bones in 1. the skull. 2. the cranium. 3. the face

Back 19

1. 22 in the skull. 2. 8 in the cranium. 3. 14 in the face.

Front 20

is the hindmost bone of the skull. it forms the back of the skull above the nape.

Back 20

occipital

Front 21

forms the lower jawbone

Back 21

mandible

Front 22

what is the largest and strongest bone of the face

Back 22

mandible

Front 23

adam' s apple. one of the main bones of the neck.

Back 23

hyoid

Front 24

it is an elastic, bony cage that protects the heart, lungs, and other internal organs

Back 24

thorax

Front 25

the thorax has two other names

Back 25

chest and pulmonary trunk

Front 26

the thorax consists of

Back 26

sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.

Front 27

ribs

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12 pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax

Front 28

another name for sternum

Back 28

breastbone

Front 29

another name for clavicle

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collarbone

Front 30

humerus

Back 30

the uppermost and largest bone of the arm, extending from elbow to shoulder.

Front 31

carpus

Back 31

also known as wrist. a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones held together by ligaments.

Front 32

myology

Back 32

the study of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.

Front 33

name the 3 type of muscle tissue

Back 33

striated muscles, nonstriated muscles, and cardiac muscles.

Front 34

striated muscles

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also known as skeletal muscles or voluntary muscles. attached to the bones and make up a large percent of body mass. are controlled by will.

Front 35

nonstriated muscles

Back 35

also known as visceral. smooth, or involuntary. found in the digestive and circulatory systems as well as in some internal organs.

Front 36

cardiac muscle

Back 36

involuntary muscle that makes up the heart. it is unique and not found in any other part of the body. it is under the control of the autonomic nervous system.

Front 37

describe the 3 parts of a muscle

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1. origin. it is the more fixed part, closest to the skeleton. 2. belly. the middle part. 3. insertion. the movable attachment and the farthest from the skeleton.

Front 38

pressure in message is usually directed

Back 38

from insertion to origin

Front 39

list 7 ways muscles tissue can be stimulated

Back 39

1. Massage. 2. electrical therapy current. 3. light rays. 4. heat rays. 5. moist heat. 6. nerve impulses. 7. chemicals such as certain acids and salts.

Front 40

epicranial aponeurosis

Back 40

one of the 4 muscles of the scalp. it is a tendon connecting the occipitalis and the frontalis.

Front 41

one of the 4 muscles of mastication

Back 41

masseter

Front 42

platysma

Back 42

broad muscle extending from chest and shoulders to the side of the chin. it lowers the lower jaw and lip.

Front 43

sterno cleido mastoid

Back 43

muscle extending along side of neck from the ear to the collarbone. it acts to rotate the head.

Front 44

corrugator

Back 44

located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi. draws eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.

Front 45

orbicularis oculi

Back 45

is the ring muscle of the eye socket. it closes the eyes.

Front 46

depressor anguli oris

Back 46

also known as the trangularis muscle. extending along side the chin. it pulls the corners of mouth down.

Front 47

levator anguli oris

Back 47

also known as caninus. raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.

Front 48

levator labii superioris

Back 48

also known as quadratus labii superioris. it elevated the lip and dilated the nostrils, as in expressing distaste.

Front 49

muscle of chest that assist in the swinging movements of the arms

Back 49

pectoralis major and pectoralis minor.

Front 50

biceps

Back 50

contour the front and inner side of the arm. lift the forearm, flex the elbow, and turn the palms outward.

Front 51

deltoid

Back 51

large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint. allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.

Front 52

extensors

Back 52

muscles that straighten the wrist, jams, and fingers to form straight lines.

Front 53

flexors

Back 53

extensor muscles of the wrist, are involved in flexing the wrist.

Front 54

supinator

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muscle rotates the raid outward and the palm upward.

Front 55

abductors

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muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body or extremity. in the hand it separates the fingers.

Front 56

adductors

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muscles that draw a body part inward toward the median acids of the body or extremity. in the hand draws fingers together.

Front 57

Blank is am extremely well-organized system that is responsible for coordinating all the many activities performed by the body.

Back 57

the nervous system

Front 58

3 main subdivisions of the nervous system

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1. central nervous system or CNS. 2. peripheral nervous system or PNS. 3. autonomic nervous system or ANS.

Front 59

CNS consist of

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brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.

Front 60

what does the central nervous system control

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consciousness and many mental activities. voluntary functions of the 5 senses, seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting. voluntary muscle actions including all body movements and facial expressions.

Front 61

what connects the outer parts of the body to the central nervous system

Back 61

the peripheral nervous system

Front 62

function of the peripheral nervous system

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to carry impulses, or messages, to and from the central nervous system.

Front 63

autonomic nervous system

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controls the involuntary muscles. regulates action of smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing

Front 64

somatic nervous system

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a subcategory of the peripheral nervous system. it causes us to react to our external environment.

Front 65

the largest and most complex mass of nerve tissue in the body.

Back 65

the brain

Front 66

how many main parts of brain? list them.

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there are four. 1. cerebrum. 2. cerebellum, 3. brain stem. 4. diencephalon.

Front 67

where is the thalamus and hypothalamus located

Back 67

diencephalon

Front 68

connects the spinal cord to the brain

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brain stem

Front 69

list 3 main parts of the brain stem

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midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Front 70

Blank is a continuation of the brain stem and originates in the brain, and extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk

Back 70

spinal cord

Front 71

primary structural unit of the nervous system

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neuron or nerve cell.

Front 72

dendrites

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nerve fibers extending from the nerve cell that receive impulses from other neurons.

Front 73

axon

Back 73

send impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, or muscles.

Front 74

sensory nerves

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also known as afferent nerves. carry impulses from the sensing organ to the brain, where sensations such as touch, cold, heat, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced.

Front 75

motor nerves

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also known as efferent nerves. carries impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. which produce movement.

Front 76

how many pairs of cranial nerves arising at the base of the brain and brain stem?

Back 76

12

Front 77

the cranial nerves activate

Back 77

the muscles and sensory structure of the head and neck including skin, membranes, eyes and ears

Front 78

largest of the cranial nerves. give all 3 names

Back 78

fifth cranial nerve. trifacial. trigeminal.

Front 79

the fifth cranial nerve is the chief sensory nerve of

Back 79

the face, and serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that controls chewing.

Front 80

located at the side of the neck, affects the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland

Back 80

greater auricular nerves

Front 81

located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear

Back 81

smaller occipital nerve also known as lesser occipital nerve.

Front 82

controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels

Back 82

circulatory also known as cardiovascular or vascular system

Front 83

pericardium

Back 83

name of the membrane enclosing the heart.

Front 84

how many chambers and valves are in the interior of the heart

Back 84

4 chambers and 4 valves.

Front 85

sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated

Back 85

pulmonary circulation

Front 86

carries the oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart again

Back 86

systemic or general circulation

Front 87

arteries

Back 87

thick walled, muscular, flexible tunes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles.

Front 88

largest artery in the body

Back 88

aorta

Front 89

how many pints of blood in the body

Back 89

8 to 10.

Front 90

blood accounts for how much of body's weight

Back 90

one twentieth.

Front 91

blood performs the following 5 critical functions

Back 91

1. carries water, oxygen, food, and secretions to all cells of the body. 2. it carries carbon dioxide and waste products to be eliminated through the lungs, skin, kidney, and large intestines. 3. it helps to equalize the body's temperature, thus protecting the body from extreme heat and cold. 4. it aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria and infections through the action of the white blood cells. 5. it closes injured minute blood vessels by forming clots, thus preventing blood loss.

Front 92

blood is composed of

Back 92

platelets, plasma, red and white blood cells.

Front 93

other names for red blood cells

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red corpuscles, or erythrocytes

Front 94

other names for white blood cells

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white corpuscles or leukocytes

Front 95

other name for platelets

Back 95

thrombocytes

Front 96

are much smaller than red blood cells and contribute to the blood clotting process

Back 96

platelets or thrombocytes

Front 97

main source of blood supply to head, face, and neck

Back 97

common carotid artery

Front 98

supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear

Back 98

internal carotid artery

Front 99

supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck, and side of the head

Back 99

external carotid artery

Front 100

another name for facial artery

Back 100

external maxillary artery

Front 101

supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, and nose

Back 101

facial artery

Front 102

supplies blood to the scalp, the area behind and above the ear, and the skin behind the ear

Back 102

posterior auricular artery

Front 103

supplies blood to the muscles of the eyes

Back 103

infra orbital artery

Front 104

the blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck flows on each side of the neck in two principal veins

Back 104

internal jugular vein and exterior jugular vein

Front 105

most important veins of the face and neck are parallel to the arteries and take the same name, except

Back 105

the veins parallel to the carotid arteries they are called jugular

Front 106

are arteries found deep in the tissue or near the surface? how about veins

Back 106

arteries are deep. veins are near surface

Front 107

lymph is a colorless, watery fluid derived from

Back 107

blood plasma

Front 108

another name for duct glands

Back 108

exocrine glands

Front 109

exocrine glands

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produces a substances that travels through small, tube-like ducts. sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group.

Front 110

endocrine glands

Back 110

ductless glands. release hormones directly into the bloodstream

Front 111

pineal gland plays a major role in

Back 111

sexual development, sleep, and metabolism.

Front 112

the most complex organ of the endocrine system. it affects almost every physiologic process of the body.

Back 112

pituitary gland

Front 113

secretes enzyme producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Back 113

pancreas

Front 114

control insulin and glucagon production

Back 114

islet of langerhans cells within the pancreas

Front 115

moving food along the digestive tract

Back 115

peristalsis