Milady Chapter 6

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

Is the study of the structure of human body that can be seen with the naked eye and of what substances they are made. It is science of the structure of organisms, or their parts.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

Is the study of the functions and activities performed by the body structures.

Front 3

Histology

Back 3

Also known as microscopic anatomy, is the study of the tiny structures found in living tissue.

Front 4

Cells

Back 4

Cells are the basic unit of all living things, from bacteria to plants to animals to human beings. Without cells life does not exist. As a basic functional unit, the sale is responsible for carrying on all life processes. There are trillions of cells in the human body, and they vary widely in size, shape, and purpose.

Front 5

Protoplasma

Back 5

A colorless, jellylike substance in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present. You can visualize the Protoplasm of a cell as being similar to the Clear Gel of a raw egg

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Organelle

Back 6

Small organ

Front 7

Nucleus

Back 7

Is the dance, active Protoplasma found in the center of the cell. It plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism. You can visualize the nucleus as the yoke of a raw egg. Within the nucleus of the cell is the nucleoplasm, which is the fluid that contains proteins, and a very important acid known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

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Deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 8

DNA

Front 9

Cytoplasm

Back 9

Is all the protoplasm of a cell except that found in the nucleus. The watery fluid contains the food material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self repair.

Front 10

Cell membrane

Back 10

Is the part of the cell that enclose the Protoplasma and permit soluble substances to enter and leave.

Front 11

Mitosis

Back 11

Is the usual process of cell reproduction and human tissue that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells call daughter cells.

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Metabolism

Back 12

Is a chemical process that takes place in living organisms. Through metabolisms, cells and nourished and carry out their activities. Metabolism has two faces, anabolism and catabolism that are carried out simultaneously and continually within the cells.

Front 13

Anabolism

Back 13

Is constructive metabolism, the process of building a large molecules from smaller ones. During this process, the body stores water, food, and oxygen for the time when these substances will be needed for cell growth and repair.

Front 14

Catabolism

Back 14

Is the phase of metabolism in which complex compounds within the cells are broken down into smaller ones. This process releases energy that is stored by special molecules to be used in muscle contractions, body secretions, or heart production.

Front 15

Tissues

Back 15

Is a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function. Each issue has a special function and can be recognized by its characteristic appearances. Body tissues are composed of large amounts of water, along with various other substances. There are four types of tissue in the body.

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Connective tissue

Back 16

Supports, protects, and binds together other tissue of the body. Example of connective tissues are bone, cartilage, ligaments tendons, facia, and fat.

Front 17

Adipose tissue

Back 17

Which gives smoothness and contour to the body. Collagen and elastin our protein fibers also located in the connective tissue.

Front 18

Epithelial tissue

Back 18

Is a protective covering on the body surface. Examples are skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands.

Front 19

Muscle tissue

Back 19

Contracts and moves the various parts of the body.

Front 20

Nerve tissue

Back 20

Carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions. Nerve tissue is composed of specialized cells known as neurons, which makes up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord.

Front 21

Organs

Back 21

Are structures composed of special tissue design to perform a specific functions in plants and animals.

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Brain

Back 22

Controls the body

Front 23

Eyes

Back 23

Control the bodies vision

Front 24

Heart

Back 24

Circulates in the blood

Front 25

Kidneys

Back 25

Excrete water and waste products

Front 26

Lungs

Back 26

Supply oxygen to the blood

Front 27

Liver

Back 27

Removes waste created by digestion

Front 28

Skin

Back 28

External protective coating that covers the body

Front 29

Stomach

Back 29

Digest food, along with intestines

Front 30

Intestines

Back 30

Digest food, along with the stomach

Front 31

Skeletal System

Back 31

Physical foundation of the body; consist of the bones and livable and in movable joints

Front 32

Muscular system

Back 32

Covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissues; also contracts and moves various parts of the body; consist of muscles.

Front 33

Nervous system

Back 33

Carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions; consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Front 34

Circulatory system

Back 34

Controls the steady circulation of the blood Through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.

Front 35

Lymphatic / lmmune

Back 35

Protects the body from disease by developing communities and destroying disease/causing toxins and bacteria.

Front 36

Endocrine system

Back 36

Affects growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the body; consist of specialized glands.

Front 37

Digestive system

Back 37

Changes food into nutrients and waste; consist of mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands.

Front 38

Excretory

Back 38

Purifies the body by elimination of waste matter; consist of kidneys, liver, skin, intestines, and lungs.

Front 39

Respiratory Systems

Back 39

enables breathing, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product; consist of lungs and air passages.

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Integumentary system

Back 40

Serves as a protective covering for the body and helps and temperature regulation; consist of skin, accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails.

Front 41

Reproductive system

Back 41

The reproductive system performs the function of reproducing and perpetuating the human race.

Front 42

Osteololgy

Back 42

Is the study of the anatomy structure, and function of the bones. Os (AHS) means bone and is used as a prefix in many medical terms, such as calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate.

Front 43

Primary function of the skeletal system are to:

Back 43

Give shape and support to the body.

Protect various internal structures and organs.

Serve as attachments for muscles and act as levers to produce body movements.

Help produce both white and red blood cells ( one of the functions of bone marrow) .

Store most of the body’s calcium supply as well as phosphorus magnesium, and sodium.

Front 44

Primary function of the skeletal system are to:

Back 44

Give shape and support to the body.

Protect various internal structures and organs.

Serve as attachments for muscles and act as levers to produce body movements.

Help produce both white and red blood cells ( one of the functions of bone marrow) .

Store most of the body’s calcium supply as well as phosphorus magnesium, and sodium.

Front 45

Joint

Back 45

Is the connection between two or more bones of the skeleton. There are two types of joints.

Movable, such as elbows, knees, and hips;

Immovable; such as the pelvis and skull which allow little or no movement.

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Bones of the skull

Back 46

The human head contains 22 bones divided into two groups: the cranium and the facial bones.

Front 47

Bones of the skull

Back 47

The human head contains 22 bones divided into two groups: the cranium and the facial bones.

Front 48

Cranium

Back 48

Is an oval , bony case that protects the brain, formed by 8 bones; and the face consists of 14 bones including the maxilla ( upper jaw) and mandible ( lower jaw).

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Bones of the cranium

Back 49

The cranium is made up of eight bones:

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Occipital bone

OCCIPITAL

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Is the hindmost bone of the skull; it forms the back of the skull above the nape.

Front 51

The 2 Parietal bone

PARIETAL

Back 51

Form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium.

Front 52

The frontal bone

FRONTAL

Back 52

Forms the forehead

Front 53

The Ethmoid bone

ETHMOID

Back 53

Is the light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities.

Front 54

The sphenoid bone

SPHENOID

Back 54

joins all the bones of the cranium together.

Front 55

Bones of the face

Back 55

14 bones of the face

Front 56

Bones of the face

Back 56

14 bones of the face

Front 57

Two nasal

NASAL

Back 57

Form the bridge of the nose

Front 58

Two lacrimal bones,

LACRIMAL

Back 58

the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, are situated at the front inside part of the eye socket.

Front 59

Two Zygomatic bones

ZYGOMATIC

Back 59

Also known as malar bones or cheekbones, form the prominence of the cheeks, or cheekbones.

Front 60

Two maxillary bones

MAXILLARY

Back 60

Form the upper jaw.

Front 61

Two maxillary bones

MAXILLARY

Back 61

Form the upper jaw.

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The mandible bone

MANDIBLE

Back 62

Forms the lower jawbone, the largest and strongest bone of the face

Front 63

The turbinal bone

TURBINAL

Back 63

Also referred to as turbinate bones; these are thin layers of spongy bone on either of the outer walls of the nasal depression.

Front 64

Temporal bone

Back 64

Forms the side of the head in the ear region.

Front 65

Vomer bone

Back 65

Is the flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.

Front 66

Thorax bone

Back 66

The chest or pulmonary trunk consisting of the sternum, ribs, the thorax vertebrae. It is an elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.

Front 67

Bones of the chest

Back 67

The bones of the trunk or the torso are comprised of

Thorax, ribs, scapula, sternum, clavicle

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Palatine bone

Back 68

Forms the hard palate of the mouth.

Front 69

Ribs bone

Back 69

12 pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax

Front 70

Scapula

Back 70

Also known as shoulder blade. The large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder. There are two scapula’s.

Front 71

Sternum

Back 71

Also known as breastbone. The flat bone that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs.

Front 72

Clavicle

Back 72

Also known as collarbone. The bone that joins the sternum and scapula.

Front 73

Bones of the arms and hands

Back 73

The important bones of the arms and hands are as follows;

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Carpus

Metacarpus

Phalanges

Front 74

Humerus

Back 74

Is the Upper most and largest bone of the arm extending from the elbow to the shoulder.

Front 75

Ulna

Back 75

Is the inner and larger bone of the forearm (lower arm), Attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.

Front 76

Radius

Back 76

Is the smallest bone in the forearm on the same side of the thumb.

Front 77

Carpus

Back 77

Also known as wrist, as flexible joint composed of a small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.

Front 78

Metacarpus

Back 78

Also known as palm, consist of five long slender bones called metacarpal bones.

Front 79

Phalanges

Back 79

Singular: Phalanx, also known as digits, are the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thump, totaling 14 bones.

Front 80

Myology

Back 80

It is the study of the nature, structure, function, and disease of the muscle.

Front 81

Muscular systems

Myology

Back 81

Is the study of nature, structure function and disease of the muscles. The human body has over 630 muscles, which are responsible for approximately 40% of the body’s weight. Out of the over 630 muscles 30 of them are facial muscles.

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Striated Muscles also known as skeletal or voluntary.

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Are attached to the bones and make up a large percentage of body mass and are controlled by the will. Nerve impulses trigger or reaction from the muscle which contracts moving is associated bone or joint.

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Non-striated muscle also known as involuntary, Visceral, or smooth, function Automatically, without conscious will.

Back 83

These muscles are found in the digestive and circulatory system as well as some internal organs of the body

Front 84

Non-striated muscle also known as involuntary, Visceral, or smooth, function Automatically, without conscious will.

Back 84

These muscles are found in the digestive and circulatory system as well as some internal organs of the body

Front 85

Cardiac muscle is the voluntary muscle that makes up the heart.

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This type of muscle is unique and not found any other part of the body. It is straightahead and has the Crossing, banding pattern that allows contraction and that’s the beating of the heart.

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A muscle has three parts

Back 86

Origin

belly

insertion

Front 87

Origin muscle part

Back 87

Is the more fixed part of the muscle closest to the skeleton, which flexes, and remain stationary.

Front 88

Belly of the muscle

Back 88

Is the middle part of the muscle

Front 89

Insertion of the muscle

Back 89

Is the part of the muscle which is movable attachment and farthest from the skeleton. Pressure in massage is usually directed from the insertion to the origin

Front 90

Epicranius

Back 90

Also known as the occipitofrontalis, is a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull.

Front 91

Occipitalis

Back 91

The back of the epicranius is the muscle that draws the scout backwards

Front 92

Frontalis

Back 92

Is the anterior (front) portion of the epicranius. It is the scalp muscle that raises the eyebrows draws the scout forward and causes wrinkles across the four head

Front 93

Epicranial aponeurosis

Back 93

Is the tendon connecting the occipital and frontalis.

Front 94

Muscles of the ear

Aur mean it’s about the ear.

Back 94

Aurcularis superior

Auricularis anterior

Aurcularis posterior

Front 95

Auricularis superior

Back 95

Is the muscle above the year that draws the ear upward

Front 96

Auricularis anterior

Back 96

Is the muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward

Front 97

Auricularis posterior

Back 97

Is the muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backwards

Front 98

Muscles of mastication (chewing)

The main muscles of mastication coordinate to open and close the mouth and bring the job forward or backward. These muscles listed below are some times referred to as the chewing muscles

Back 98

Masseter

Temporalis

Medial pterygoid

Lateral pterygoid

Front 99

Muscles of the neck

Back 99

Pltysma : is a broad muscle extending from the chest and soldier muscle up to the side of the chin.

Sternocleidomastoid:

Is the muscle extending along side of the net from the ear to the collarbone. It acts to rotate the head from side to side and up-and-down

Front 100

Muscle of the eyebrow

Back 100

Corrugated: Is the muscle located beneath the frontalis and oracularis oculi. It draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.

Orbicularis Oculi

Hint 100

Is the ring muscle of the eye socket; it closes the eyes.

Front 101

Muscles of the nose The two primary muscles of the nose are;

Back 101

Procerus; lowers the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.

Nasal is a two part muscle which covers the nose that includes the transverse part and the alar part, which flair the nostrils.

Front 102

Muscles of the nose

Back 102

Procerus; lowers the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.

Nasalis; Is a two-part muscle which covers the nose that includes the transverse part and the alar part, which flair the nostrils.

Front 103

Muscles of the nose

Back 103

Procerus; lowers the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.

Nasalis; Is a two-part muscle which covers the nose that includes the transverse part and the alar part, which flair the nostrils.

Front 104

Muscles of the mouth

Back 104

The buccinator;

Is the thin, that muscle of the Chi between the upper and lower jaw and compresses the cheek and expels air between lips, as in blowing a whistle.

Front 105

Muscles of the mouth

Depressor Anguilla oris

Back 105

Depressor Anguilla oris

Also known as the triangularuis muscle, is the muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth.

Front 106

Muscles of the mouth

Depressor labii inferioris

Back 106

Also known as the quatratus labii inferiors is a muscle surrounding the lower lip that depresses the it and draws the lower lip to one side.

Front 107

Muscles of the mouth

Lavatory labii superioris

Back 107

Lavatory labii superioris

Also known as the quadratus labii superioris Is a muscle that elevates the lip and dilate the nostrils as in expressing distaste.

Front 108

Muscles of the face

mentalis

Back 108

Is the muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin.

Front 109

Muscles of the mouth

Orbicularis oris

Back 109

Is the flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses contracts puckers and wrinkles the lip

Front 110

Muscles of the mouth

Ridorius

Back 110

Is the muscle that draws the corner of the mouth out and back as in grinning

Front 111

Muscles of the mouth

Zygomaticus Major and minor

Back 111

Zygomaticus major and minor our muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth that elevates the lid, as in laughing

Front 112

Muscles of the hand

Back 112

Abductors:

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm or toes away from the midline of the body or of the extremity. In the hand, abductors separate the fingers.

Front 113

Muscles of the hand

adductors;

Back 113

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of the extremity. In the hand, adductors draw the fingers together.

Front 114

Muscles of the shoulder in the arms

Pronators

Back 114

Her muscles that turn the hand in word so that the palm face his downward

Front 115

Muscles of the shoulders in the arm

Supinator;

Back 115

Rotates the radius out word and the palm upward

Front 116

The nervous system

Back 116

Is an exceptionally well organized system that is responsible for the coordinating all the many activities that are performed by the body. Every square inch. (2.5 cm²)Of the human body is supplied with fine fibers known as nerves; there are over 100 billion nerve cells, known as neurons, in the body.

Front 117

Central nervous system(CNS)

Back 117

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. It controls consciousness and many mental activities, voluntary functions of the five senses (seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, and tasting) And voluntary muscles actions including all body movements and facial expression.

Front 118

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 118

Is a system of nerves that connects the peripheral (outer)

Parts of the body to the central nervous system; it has both sensory and motor nerves. It’s function is to carry impulses or messages to and from the central nervous system

Front 119

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 119

Is the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscle; it regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing.

Front 120

The brain and spinal cord

Back 120

The brain is the largest most complex mass of nerve tissue in the body. The brain is contained in the cranium, weighs the average of 44 to 48 ounces and has four main parts. They are Cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brain stem.The brain controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity, and the power to think and feel. It sends and receives telegraphic messages through 12 pairs of cranial nerves and originate in the brain and reach various parts of the head, face and neck.

Front 121

The brain is divided into four parts

Back 121

cerebrum

Cerebellum

Diencephalon ( hypothalamus)

brain stem ( medulla oblongata)

Spinal cord

Front 122

The brain is divided into four parts

Back 122

cerebrum

Cerebellum

Diencephalon ( hypothalamus)

brain stem ( medulla oblongata)

Spinal cord

Front 123

Nerve cell structures and functions

Back 123

A neuron or nerve cell is the primary structural unit of the nervous system. It is composed of cell body and nuclear us; dendrites, nerve fibers extending from the nerve cell that receives impulses from the other neurons; and an axon which sends impulses away from the cell body to the outer neurons, glands, or muscle

Front 124

Nerves

Back 124

Nerves are Whitish chords, made up of bundles of nerve fibers Held together by connective tissues, through which impulses are transmitted. Nerves have their origin in the brain and spinal cord and send their branches to all parts of the body.

Front 125

Types of nerves

Back 125

Sensory nerves; Also known as afferent nerves, Carrie impulses or messages from the sent Oregon to the brain, where sensations such as touch, cold, heat, site, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced. Sensory nerve endings called receptors are located close to the surface of the skin as impulses pass from the sensory nerves to the brain and back through the motor nerves to the muscles, complete circuit is established, resulting in movement of the muscle.

motor nerves;

Also known as efferent nerves Carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement.

Front 126

Nerves of the head face and neck

Back 126

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves are rising at the base of the brain and the brain stem. The cranial nerves activate the muscles in the sensory structure of the head and neck including skin, membranes, ice, and ears. Aestheticians primarily concerned with nerves five, seven, and 11, and each one has several branches

Front 127

Nerves of the head aestheticians primarily use

Back 127

Trigeminal nerve;

Branches of this tipartite nerve all contain sensory fibers that release signals from the head face and teeth the motor fiber innervate the chewing muscles the branches are known as ophthalmic Maxilliay, and mandibular.

Facial nerve;

Branches of this nerve intervenient the taste buds and the skin of the external ear, and the cell but Larry and lacrimal glands they are also control the muscles used in Facial expression.

Spinal accessory nerve;

The nerve brings about movement in the head and shoulders. It also intervenes muscles in the pharynx and larynx and is involved in the production of voice sound.

Hint 127

Trigeminal nerve;

Branches of this tipartite nerve all contain sensory fibers that release signals from the head face and teeth the motor fiber innervate the chewing muscles the branches are known as ophthalmic Maxilliay, and mandibular.

Facial nerve;

Branches of this nerve intervenient the taste buds and the skin of the external ear, and the cell but Larry and lacrimal glands they are also control the muscles used in Facial expression.

Spinal accessory nerve;

The nerve brings about movement in the head and shoulders. It also intervenes muscles in the phonics and learnings and is involved in the production of voice sound

Front 128

Pulmonary circulation

Back 128

Send the blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated.

Front 129

Pulmonary circulation

Back 129

Send the blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated.

Front 130

Systemic or general circulation

Back 130

Carries the oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart again

Front 131

Internal Carotid Arteries

Back 131

Supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, four head, nose, and internal ear.

Front 132

External carotid arteries

Back 132

Supplies blood to the anterior (front) part of the scalp, ear, face, neck and side of the head