Secretin

The body makes secretin when chyme enters the duodenum of the small intestines. Like others, secretin is made by special cells in the duodenum. As we have learned for some of the other hormones, secretin targets the stomach to make less enzymes and acid, and to make the mixing action slow down. More importantly, though, secretin also causes the liver to make more bile, while causing the pancreas to make bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate ions are very important for the duodenum because in order for food to be broken down, the stomach has to make lots and lots of hydrochloric acid. The stomach secretes special mucous to help protect it from being damaged by this very acidic chyme while it is mixing and being processed in the stomach. But when the chyme leaves the stomach to go to the duodenum, it has to be made less acidic or it will damage the duodenum. Bicarbonate ions are said to buffer acids, or in other words, they make them be less acidic. Bicarbonate ions added to acidic chyme will make the chyme not be able to damage the duodenum. That is why the bicarbonate ions that are made because of secretin are so…

The hormones that are produced by the Pancreas are Insulin, Glucagon, Pancreatic Polypeptide, Gastrin and Secretin. Insulin allows the body to use sugar or glucose levels from carbohydrates, for energy or to store glucose levels. The cells in the Pancreas, known as beta cells are signaled to deliver the Insulin into the bloodstream. The Insulin then signals the beta cells to absorb the sugar, that has been delivered from the bloodstream. The author of endocrine web says “Insulin is often…

pancreatic polypeptide which stimulates gastric secretion. All of these hormones regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism (McCance & Huether, 2014). In addition to hormonal secretion, the pancreas contributes to digestion by releasing enzymes. The pancreatic enzymes include trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, amylase and lipase. Protein digestion occurs with trypsin and chymotrypsin. Amylase is a starch to disaccharides and fat digestion occurs with lipase (Lewis et al., 2014).…

with other diagnosis it is always important to review the patient’s medical history to determine common symptoms and, or genetic components. Other than medical history a blood test can be performed to see if the patient has elevated gastrin levels. This test is sometimes repeated several times because gastrin levels fluctuate. A normal serum gastrin level is 0 -100 pg/mL. A gastrin level that is 10 times higher than normal suggests Zollinger- Ellison Syndrome. Elevated gastrin levels can also be…

The small intestine is located in the central, upper umbilical. When the chyme enters the duodenum, two hormones will be produced: secretin and cholecytokin. These hormones will inhibit gastric secretion and gastric motility and therefore the chyme will mix with the bile and pancreatic juices (Ross and Wilson, 2014). The small intestine is lined with epithelial tissues and even closer are villi and micro villi, which create a large surface area for the small intestine which allow it to absorb…

2015) This breaks down the protein into peptides which are useful to the body. The intrinsic factor and HCL present helps with the absorption of VitB12 and iron (Gropper and Smith 2013). This absorption can therefore not take place if the HCL is decreased. This can then cause anaemia, depression and even some memory difficulties. (NHS Choices 2015) If the pH in the stomach is not low enough, due to a lack of HCL, the unhealthy bacteria continue to reproduce. This has a detrimental affect on the…

of the digestion process (Huether & McCance, 2012). There are three phases of gastric secretion, first being the cephalic phase, which is stimulated by the thoughts , smells and taste of food. Stimulation releases acetylcholine and the release of gastrin-releasing peptide, thus indirectly stimulates hydrogen ions. The second phase is the gastric phase, which is stimulated by the expansion of the stomach. Partially digested proteins and amino acids activate gastrin from G cells. Gastrin…

effects of smoking on human health, it can be concluded without any doubt that; Smoking is accountable for 2% annual death worldwide and specifically 3% of United States annual deaths. Apart from the high mortality rate because of smoking, tobacco or marijuana smoking contains several components that are carcinogenic resulting into a wide variety of cancer cases with the lung cancer being the most predominant of the all. Smoking is an expensive affair mainly depending on the smoking habits,…

cell. When the cell is stimulated, these vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, thereby increasing the surface area of the plasma membrane and the number of proton pumps in the membrane. Acetylcholine and histamine directly stimulate parietal cells to increase acid secretion. Gastrin stimulates acid secretion by stimulating histamine release from ECL cells. When the pH of the stomach gets too low, somatostatin secretion is stimulated. Somatostatin inhibits acid secretion by direct effects on…

understand people with Asperger’s are socially confused, anxious, aggressive or defiant. People with Asperger’s also may benefit from language therapy and psychotherapy. Similarly, younger kids may do sensory integration training, where the stimuli in which they are overly sensitive about is desensitized. In older kids, treatment may include behavioral and cognitive therapy. Besides therapies, a person with Asperger’s may have a specialized diet to help with the disorder. Dietary supplements…