Pope Martin IV

Two aspects of the Roman politics and culture change noticeably; the rise of Christianity, and the division of the empire which ended with an Eastern and a Western Roman Empire. Christianity altered the Roman lifestyle, while the decentralization of the Empire left Western Europe without a strong political system until the formation of the Holy Roman Empire. Although these changes marked the beginning of the Byzantine Empire, an important continuity shaped the Byzantine political attitude; the…

dominant between them. The emergence of Catholicism and its monotheistic belief was supported by the Roman emperor Constantine I (Hunt 198-206). “The emergence of Christianity generated tension” and that tension re-grew after several decades (Hunt 199). Martin Luther, a German theologian, emerged as the leader of a ‘revolution’ against the Roman Catholic Church’s traditions. The Roman Catholic…

negotiate with the Lutherans ‘charitably and respectfully and without hindrance… reproachful, vexations and offensive language being absolutely put aside.’ What was complained by Seripando, an active participant of the Council, was written to the Pope in 1555, saying that ‘There is nothing in the council it has had no effect whatsoever.’ It is true that much of the doctrines discussed like transubstantiation, moral conduct of the clergy, justification, Purgatory, and confirmation of the Latin…

As with much of Western history, women were considered inferior to men and their duties were mainly restricted to their home and family life during middle ages (Newman, 2015). Women were also valued as a weaker vessel that was not intellectual and unable to fulfill the strenuous task that come with being a man (Newman, 2015). While men were busy with their respective jobs women, uphold the home front and the family. Moreover, poorer medieval families lived mostly in small quarters without much…

Martin Luther: A Film Review The film Luther is a story about Martin Luther, a monk who reformed Christianity to a level that he never imagined. Luther made the basis of Protestantism but it came at a cost -- millions of lives and the fall of an empire. He felt conflicted with himself but also with the power of the Roman Catholic Church and Emperor of Germany, Charles V. At the beginning of Luther 's journey to the basis of the new religion, Protestantism, Luther had religious doubts especially…

The era between the death of Henry VIII and the excommunication of Elizabeth by the papacy was one consumed by the debate of what the Church of England should looks like. Edward VI was a Protestant,and he made strides to define the Church of England as a Protestant church, instead of leaving the church as mostly Catholic in practice like his father had. Mary I, on the other hand, tried to revert England back to Catholicism. And finally, Elizabeth I started her reign by being diplomatic, careful…

most important political center of the country because of the increasing demand in art industry, rebuilding new economy system. Most importantly, the art industry in Rome is popularized out of monopoly of knowledge between wealthy people. Also, the pope cardinal of Rome continuously supports artists. The social and political circumstance help artists to develop their own creativity into their works, but still receive the techniques and designs from the Renaissance. The great influence of the…

The Significance of the Calling of the First Crusade The significance of the calling of the First Crusade by Pope Urban II is the fall of Jerusalem, which happened directly, as well as the fall of Constantinople and the Crusades that followed. The First Crusade lasted three years and resulted in the fall of Jerusalem. The Second and Third Crusade lasted two and five years respectively. The Fourth Crusade last two years and resulted in the fall of the city of Constantinople. The Fifth…

time were Catholic and followed the beliefs and orders of the Church, mainly the Pope. Whatever the Church said, was believed to be accurate and the people at that time would do whatever it took in order to follow these rules and get into heaven. However, during the time of the Reformation, the way people started looking at the Catholic Church began to change after the influence of Martin Luther and King Henry VII. Martin Luther and King Henry VII both lived during the time of the Reformation,…

As Catholics, Mass is the source and most important sacrament of our faith. Pope Francis stated back in 2014 that “every authentic journey of faith, communion and witness springs from this sacrament of love”. Claiming that the Mass is “so boring” or that “I just don’t get anything out of Mass” indicates the pure ignorance of that person. Dr. Scott Hahn’s book The Lamb’s Supper manifests that the Mass is truly heaven on earth by recognizing that to comprehend Mass we must know more. Dr. Scott…