Plant pathogens and diseases

in order to pollinate more crops. While bees have always been threatened by diseases, predatory bugs, and environmental stressors, a new threat has arisen. This threat is colony collapse disorder (CCD): a mysterious occurrence that affects seemingly healthy bee hives by killing the adult worker bees. While the cause of colony collapse disorder is not yet known, the main theories are that CCD is caused by a new disease, overcrowding,…

Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) tolerates well both hot and colder temperatures, also drought. This is due to the dense horizontal root system that goes deeper than most Pinus species'. (Magyar 1960) As a tree that feels itself home mostly in continental mountain ranges and the Mediterranean climate, its home range stretches from Iberia through the Alps to the Taurus mountains in Asia Minor. It is medium to fast growing with a pyramidal crown. It is mostly resistant to breakage. (Gilman-Watson,…

greed and treachery by the Europeans. The Europeans came over and introduces the Native American to disease like measles and other diseases. The Europeans came with families, and some of the children had measles. The European children would grow to immune the disease but the adult Native American could not fight off the disease because adults had not it as a child so could not acquired the immunity to measles. That in turn also started…

The Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is not only responsible for honey, but many different kinds of fruits and vegetables. Bees are agents of cross-pollination, and many plants are entirely dependent bees for their reproduction. Without bees, they would be highly stressed, and either would have to adapt to life without bees or become extinct. “The small little insect that works so tirelessly and quietly around us certainly is one of the reasons, if not a main reason, for the possibility of…

Genetic engineering techniques allow for new traits as well as greater control over traits. Most food alterations have primarily focused on cash crops in high demand by farmers. Genetically modified crops or food have been altered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides. Genetically Modified livestock have been developed. Effect of genetically modified crops on South Africa The majority of maize consumed in South Africa is genetically modified and South Africa is the only country in the world…

7. RESULT & OBSERVATION Table No.7.1:- Morphological characteristics of Jasminum grandiflorum leaves S.No. Character Observation 1 Color Gggggggg Green 2 Odour Characteristic 3 Taste Acrid 4 Size 4-5.5 cm. length 5 Texture Smooth Table No.7.2:- Physiochemical analysis of powder of Jasminum grandiflorum leaves S.No. Parameters Observation (%) 1 Loss on drying 0.6 2 Total ash value 7 3 Acid insoluble ash value 2.6 4 Water soluble ash value 1.25 5 Foaming index 22 (ml)…

What are disease-causing bacteria and how harmful could they be? By their name, disease-causing bacteria are bacteria that cause disease. The effects that they have on the human body, or any living organism, can range from mild to severe. Fortunately, we have antibiotics to help prevent the spread of infection and protect our bodies against infectious bacterial diseases. Antibiotics, also called antimicrobial drugs, are drugs that fight off infectious disease caused by bacteria. With the…

Biological hazards can come from raw material or food processing for example microorganisms live in air, dirt, fresh and salt water, skin, hair, animal hair and plants. (2.3) Physical hazards are potentially harmful and could cause things like internal bleeding, these are materials such as glass and metal shavings from cans or other foreign objects that are likely to cause choking or any injury. (2.10) Chemical…

while still preserving it for later use: oceanic drug discovery meets these requirements by requiring only small production sample sizes leaving many resources relatively untouched. As science unravels modern and more advanced bacteria species and diseases, researchers can reliably turn toward the ocean to search for and produce new drugs. The ocean’s size, versatility, and genetic diversity all lend it to be especially apt for medicinal discovery (Waters et…

All the other chemicals were of analytical grade obtained commercially. Double distilled water from all-glass still was used throughout the study. 1.3. Preparation of extracts The successive extraction of plant material was done by soxhlet apparatus by using different solvent such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and water. The extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness to yield the dry extract. The dry extract was kept in a vacuum desiccator until…