Plant pathogens and diseases

per year. Luckily the United States plants 1.6 billion seeds each year and other countries contribute as well. An average tree can survive for thousands of years and they keep the environment safe and clean. They also help against erosion and can grow up to 115 metres high. At the moment governments and charities are aiming towards planting more trees in our world. Many organisations have been established such as “plantabillion”. This group is aiming to “plant trees and restore forests around…

INTRODUCTION With over 50% of the global land surface being affected by land use or land cover change over the last few hundred years, mostly from the expansion of agriculture, there has been numerous climatic impacts (Foley, 2005). With such vast areas, specifically of the US Corn Belt, dedicated to agricultural production it is imperative that we as a society approach this endeavor cautiously. One approach to agriculture often cited as having the potential to produce the food, feed, and…

according to intention-to-treat analysis, without major side effects and with minimal induction of bacterial resistance (10). 2.5.1 Indications for treatment Eradication of H. pylori infection is an effective way to cure H. pyloriassociated peptic ulcer disease, as it facilitates ulcer healing, prevents recurrences in vast majority of patients (108), and significantly reduces the…

The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process within our atmosphere, it aids in heating the earths surface and atmosphere. The greenhouse affect is caused by the fact that certain atmospheric gases, gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapour and methane are able to change the energy balance of the planet by absorbing long wave radiation emitted from earth’s surface. Without the greenhouse affect our earth would be a chilly -18°C in comparison to the present average temperature of 15°C.…

Bacteria They are formed by a single rudimentary cell. They have no nucleus or plastids, but chromatin. Some have assimilators pigments. They are on earth, water, and air, and can generally move. They may be causing disease and therefore are called pathogens. Those that do not cause disease are called saprophytes. In some cases, they are even useful, as in digestive processes or synthesis of vitamins. By the way, they are called coconuts when circular; bacilli if they have the form of rods;…

anti-phagocytic antigen is defined as, a substance in the immune system’s cells that eats harmful pathogens. Both the F1 and the VW antigen are necessary for the bacteria to grow, as is the temperature, 37degrees Celsius. It is because of this need for a certain temperature, lower than which fleas need to survive, that fleas can act as a vector, or usually a parasite that transmits a disease from one animal or plant to another. This description qualifies the bubonic plague as a zoonotic…

was decanted and pellets were washed and re-suspended in sterile distilled water. At 15th days after sowing, the soil was inoculated in Set-II by drenching the soil near plant roots. On 8th day ten seedlings from three replicates were chosen randomly for measurements of shoot and root growth, fresh weight of the seedlings, disease incidence, and vigour index. Vigour index was calculated by using the following formula as described by Abdul Baki and Anderson (1973): Vigour index = (Mean root…

livestock diseases, the changes wrought by climate change on infectious disease burdens may be extremely complex. Patz et al. (2005a) list several diseases as high priority for their large global burden of disease and their high sensitivity to ecological change. For the tropics, these include malaria across most systems; schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis in cultivated and inland water systems in the tropics; dengue fever in tropical urban centres; leishmaniasis and Chagas disease in…

The Spread of Disease, Viruses, and Bacteria The spread of disease, viruses, and bacteria have been around since the beginning of times. According to Center for Disease and Control Prevention, the first pandemic was recorded in 541 AD, lasting around 200 years, and killing over 25 million people in the Mediterranean. This was known as the Justinian Plague (CDC). CNN shows that hundreds, even thousands of years ago during an epidemic outbreak, the disease would mainly impact the areas where…

determine the traits organisms express. With the ability to target specific genes and edit them, genes and their locations in the genome can be studied and determine their significance and function, in addition to gaining an understanding to human disease and possible routes to eliminate them. The most effective methods of genome editing are those of the zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), and the clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic…