Ottoman History

Lebanon’s extensive history of foreign interventions which continue to this day are rooted in several factors including its history prior to independence, the formation of the state and society, and the nature of its modern political system. In order to understand Lebanon’s seeming predisposition to foreign intervention, it’s first necessary to understand it’s historical background and relationship with foreign powers under the Ottoman system and following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.…

Murad II was the first of the four Sultans, who helped expand the Ottoman Empire. He defeated the Venetians, invaded Hungary, and emerged triumphant over an army of Italian crusaders in the Balkans. Mehmed II- Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, which was huge, as it became a powerful city once more. The city was opened up to many cultures and religions and became a huge asset for the Ottoman Empire. This was significant to the Ottoman Empire as they not only controlled more people, but more…

The Ottoman empire was first found in the thirteen hundreds. The empire stretches much further back, but it was under the leadership of Osman that this great empire succeeded in moving out from its territory in northwestern Anatolia and started conquering and taking over other territories. The first main victory took place in the Balkans, and these conquests led them to return to western Anatolia flush with money and men. In the middle of the fifteenth century they had already took some…

extermination of the Armenians? This question sets the tone, of the overt “events ”of 1915 in the Ottoman Empire, which begs the question, how can these “events” be recognized by both, the Armenian Republic and the Turkish State; but, does not create a discourse to clearly answer what transpired? Regardless of the label used, the result was destruction of virtually every Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire, which collapsed after the war. What was left of the country transitioned into the…

Palestine (“Khayr al-Din al-Ramli”). He is well-known for his collection of fatwas, or legal opinions, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (“Khayr al-Din al-Ramli”). He composed the fatwas in order to describe the women’s rights in the Ottoman Empire and provide precedents for the circumstances in which women have more freedom to speak and act out. Born in present day Israel, al-Ramli’s childhood and early life is not known, although he grew up reading the Quran (“Khayr al-Din…

firearms in early modern era had limitations, but they definitely fascinated people with their magic. From the early stages of their imperium, Mughals and the Ottomans showed positive reaction to the increasing effectiveness of the firearms and gunpowder technology by producing, improving and distributing every kind of firearms. The Ottomans had good and strong army which their raids and campaigns into Europe through Balkans helped them for the diffusion of European military technology into…

Throughout the history, Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful empires of the world. Founded by Osman 1 in 1299, this empire ruled large territory of Europe and Asia starting from Baghdad to Algiers at its prime. Since the empire controlled both Europe and Asia, it has ruled various ethinicities and cultures. Thus, various people who had different religions and lifestyles lived together. Between many of the cities of the Ottoman there was one city which had various religions. The city was…

Constantinople in 1453 represented the fall of a great empire and the expansion of a new one. This month long battle pitted the invading Ottoman Empire against the long standing Byzantium Empire that had held the city since its construction in the 4th century. This battle had enormous repercussions throughout the historical world and marked the beginning of the Ottoman Empire and the spread of the Islamic religion into Europe. Constantinople represented the capital of the Byzantium Empire and…

The Decline of an Empire The word ottoman is a western term for the name Osman I, who was the first ruler and creator of the Ottoman Empire in 1299. This Empire later on overthrew the last remainder of the Roman civilization and evolved to be one of the superpowers, and was the center of communications between the West and the East countries. But as its mighty grew also its weakness began to appear, and as a result of decades of influences such as historical events (wars), economic factors…

The Ottoman Empire faced devastating losses at the First Balkan War in 1912. The problem originated, when Ottoman Turks crossed the Black Sea straits and that resulted into uniting the Balkan states into the ‘Balkan Union,’ that agreed to defeat the Ottoman Turkey. Bulgaria and Serbia ruled the Balkan Union, who aspired to conquer Macedonia because Macedonia was already at war with Italy, thus it was weak. Later, Greece and Montenegro advanced against Turkey with military forces. Within weeks,…