Organelle

A single cell cannot grow larger and larger indefinitely because on a cellular level and metabolic level, a cell requires essential provisions, cell-to-cell communication, and transport of molecules/nutrients. The outside of a cell grows slower than the inside of a cell. If a single cell were to continuously grow the outside layer of the cell would not be able to keep up. The larger a cell is, the more difficult it is to transport nutrients and oxygen from outside of the cell into the inside of…

Smoking and its effect on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Elizabeth Thoms BIOL 2458, Brijesh Bridge, 10/11/15 Breathing should not be a difficult process, it is something that we do not even have to think about doing, it happens naturally and this should be the way it always is but unfortunately, for some people, this is not the case. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, better known as COPD is a disease of the lungs where air flow is reduced in the airways making it very difficult to…

Ranging from 50 to 200nm in diameter and reaching up to 100µm in length, TNTs are thin actin-containing bridges that allow for communication between cells, transmitting both cytosolic and membrane bound molecules, organelles and even pathogens (Marzo 2012). TNTs are implicated in transmission of prion disease by transferring in vitro endogenous PrPsc from neuronal CAD cells chronically infected with PrPsc to uninfected CAD cells, as well as exogenous, Alexa-labeled…

There are several strains of E. coli that exist, many of which are non-pathogenic in nature. E. coli forms a beneficial relationship in the intestinal tract, and takes on many helpful functions within the body. The functions include breaking down nutrients, developing signals to regulate the immune system, and even protection against other pathogens. The broad categories of E. coli are separated into diarrheagenic E. coli and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli, which includes uropathogenic E.…

Mary Williams has been overweight her entire life. She suffered from diabetes, high cholesterol, anemia. Mary’s life was in a shamble, she did not know where to turn to. Mary lost fifty pounds, but regained the weight back in a matter of months after exhausting every diet whim on the market until recently after embarking on a voluntary abstinence from food of drink technique called intermittent fasting. Research studies have shown intermittent fasting is beneficial to fighting against obesity,…

Riley 1 Why is Evolution so important? Some might ask this because of the confusion drawn over the topic. However it is one of the most intriguing scientific theories that exists today. Evolution is far more interesting than the Theory of Gravity, or Germ Theory. This one addressed many age old questions, such as what is our place in this world, and where did we come from. Some might not accept it because it may conflict with their religion, especially in America, where only 60% of all Americans…

Structure and function have always had a close relationship in biological, chemical and general terms. Often the functionality is dependent upon the structure, for example the villi on the epithelial cells increase the surface area and hence the rate of absorbance of molecules in to cells and the blood stream. DNAs function is highly specific to its structure as even the smallest change to this could cause a long term effect, or even death. Base sequence mutations, errors in replication and…

As many of us already have studied in the past, the human genome can subdivide itself into two parts. The nuclear genome, which consists of over 26,000 genes and the circular mitochondrial genome, which consist of the only consist of 37 genes (“Organization of the human genome” 257). The human genome is vastly large compared to the mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial has played a significant role in genetics throughout time. For example, mtDNA helped geneticists understand the past and our…

During the Medieval ages in the city of Florence, Italy there were three main social groups that lived, the ones who pray, fight, and work. A wall surrounded the whole city, there were still some buildings outside of the wall. The wall protected the people of Florence from any danger and from the outsiders. There were principle buildings where each of those three social groups lived in. At the top of the medieval society were the first estate, the ones who prayed (clergy) lived in churches,…

Interpretation and Analysis Gibberellins are a tetracyclic diterpenoid compound that stimulates the reorganization of cellular organelles and the synthesis of new proteins such as enzymes. GA exerts its influence in two manners, first by increasing the growth potential of the embryo and second by inducing hydrolytic enzymes. Once a plant releases gibberellins, its cells begin a process of elongation. Since plants are composed of single cells stacked on top of one another, this elongation of…