Organelle

Participation in disease progression A variety of diseases including stroke, atherosclerosis, diabetes, ischemic heart diseases and neurodegenerative diseases are caused from the disturbances in mitochondrial functions. The production of peroxynitrite occurs either within mitochondria or may achieved from extra mitochondrial compartments. Peroxynitrite inhibits Mn-SOD by nitration (MacMillan-Crow LA and Thompson, 1999) and thus checking the breaking of nearby formed superoxide that further…

What is the central nervous system? It’s a system which consists of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. It gathers information about and reacts to internal and external stimulus. Don’t Shoot the Messenger Much of the CNS is made up of neurons. Each neuron has a cell body, which includes a soma with a nucleus, a nucleolus, a cytoplasm called the perikaryon, and wide branching extensions called dendrites. Dendrites are like antennae which receive signals from other neurons or body cells.…

Calcium ions are vital for cellular signalling, as once they enter the cytoplasm they use allosteric effects caused by indirect transduction pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors. Calcium signalling is cause by gradients across the plasma membrane, as the resting concentration of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm is normally kept ˷100 nM, compared to the extracellular concentration which is ˷1.5mM. To continue low concentration within the cell, Ca2+ signals can be generated either from extracellular…

Under 100x magnification – a view of purple rod shaped bacteria/bacilli; some appear as either single rods or paired rods (diplobacillus). Yoghurt prepared – under 40x magnification Yoghurt prepared – under 100x magnification * Fresh yoghurt. Under 40x magnification – a view of loads of bacteria moving about with undefined shapes. Under 100x magnification – an indistinct view of loads of varied bacteria moving about, such as diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci,…

Most people can recall a favorite childhood memory off the top of their head. Or how just one word can trigger a significant moment in the past. Or remembering your aunt’s homemade cookie recipe. We can all know that two plus two equals four because it has been drilled into our heads since we were children. The human memory is irreplaceable and something that we rely on everyday. But how does our brains remember directions to our favorite restaurant or what our dad’s favorite color is? Where are…

By the year 2020, nearly 75% of all Americans will be obese (Isaacs). Obesity is one of the many health problems that affect Americans today. Most of the illnesses that plague Americans, share the same causes. These include diets high in fat, cholesterol, and sugar, as well as inactive lifestyles. These health complications can be harmful and even life threatening. However, they are preventable and reversible with regular exercise and good diet. Despite the common misconception that physical…

The citric acid cycle generates energy from the oxidation of various fuel molecules to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA undergoes several redox, hydration and decarboxylation reactions to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and hydrogen ions. The citric acid cycle links glycolysis which produces pyruvate from glucose and oxidative phosphorylation which generates ATP…

structures that transmits signals over a great distance to other neurons, muscles and organs, although not all neurons have axons. What is the cell body responsible for? The cell body is responsible for producing proteins; the cell body also carries organelles including the nucleus and mitochondria of every neuron. There are billions of neurons found in the nervous tissue, these neurons vary in size and are sensitive…

Anthony Alvarado Bio 1A Chronic oxidative stress via hydroxyl radical and imbalanced redox homeostasis Redox hemostasis has been shown to be an important factor in the overall aging and neurodegeneration processes in mammalian models; such as, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. As a result, redox homeostasis has been a key point of interest in current research. Redox homeostasis is the balance between electrophiles and nucleophiles in a system, more importantly in a biological system. These…

Some are found in the mitochondria, “the organelles that house the cellular machinery for oxidative metabolism that produces energy” (Klepinger, 2006, p. 149). Mitochondria DNA is quite small as compared to nuclear DNA but has a very high copy number as compared to the nuclear DNA. Klepinger also…