Organic synthesis

Extraction was the main method of removing compounds from the sample. The component X was removed from the sample by first adding the organic solvent dichloromethane to the test tube. After aggravation, the component X dissolved into the solvent. Since components Y and Z were insoluble in the organic solvent they remained as solids. The test tube was then placed into a centrifuge and ran for thirty seconds. By doing so, the unsettled solid were forced to accumulate at the bottom of the test tube. This allowed for a more effective decantation of aqueous solution that contained component X onto the watch glass. Repetition of this extraction processes ensured that most of component X was separated from the sample. Once three washes were done, the aqueous…

Green Synthesis of Ibuprofen Green Chemistry is a new approach and perspective of chemistry that can improve human lives and maximize efficiency. It is a branch in chemistry that explores and examines techniques to reduce and eliminate hazardous and harmful substances. These harmful substances effect humans and the environment in multiple ways, the twelve principles of Green Chemistry can help minimize them. The twelve principles include prevention of waste, the design of less hazardous…

A novel solid-phase synthesis methodology of N-substituted-2-aminothiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine derivatives was developed. The key step in this synthesis strategy is tandem reaction of isothiocyanate terminated resin 2 with o-halo-2-aminopyrazine, affording cyclized 2-aminothiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine resin 4. To increase the diversity of our library, Suzuki coupling reaction was performed at the position C6. Further functionalization of 2-aminothiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine core skeleton with various…

α-phenylcinnamoyl, naphthaloyl, 3-methoxy-4-phenoxybenzoyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC), and tert-butylphenoxyacetyl (t-PAC) groups (Figure 2.1.7) provides greater resistance to depurination than with N6-benzoyl (reviewed in Beaucage and Iyer, 1992). It is believed that in the case of acyl-protected purine nucleosides under acidic conditions, the initial site of protonation is N7, rendering the protonated species more prone to glycosidic cleavage. Naturally, caution should be exercised in…

1) Explain how the Lin et al. used the catFISH technique to determine which neurons are involved in particular behaviors (3 pts) Lin et al. used catFISH (cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescent in situ hybridization) to compare the activation of c-fos expression during two successive episodes of behavior (either the same behavior or different) in the same animal. Through experimentation, researchers discovered that animals killed five minutes after fighting expressed…

The trope of nostalgic and wistful people looking back on their teen years, the good years, approaches stereotype. Julian Barnes’s The Sense of an Ending, on the surface, appears to employ the same stereotype of a wistful old man experiencing a bout of retrospection for his lost friend and the times he once had. The narrator of Carson McCullers’s “Ballad of the Sad Café” in The Ballad of the Sad Café works with the same forlorn recollection of when the town was more alive. Both narrators use two…

Evolutionary biologists such as Richard Dawkins1 , Paul Meyers2, and Jerry Coyne3, and philosophers of science such as Daniel Dennett4, Micheal Ruse5, and Peter Singer6 have produced differing defences and explanations of Darwinism, its roots, and its various implications within a Neo-Darwinian framework. In many cases, these have been intended for wider consumption beyond academia and have incorporated the promotion of Darwin as a unique historical agent, with Dawkins arguably leading the pack…

AHHHH CHOO-DOEPHEDRINE Although, originally defined as the chemistry of biological structures, organic chemistry has since been redefined to refer specifically to organic (carbon based) molecules. The hydrocarbon is the very basic molecule of organic chemistry and by adding functional groups to the hydrocarbon we can manipulate the properties of the molecule. Through the manipulation of these organic compounds, organic chemistry can be used to chemically synthesise many products such as soaps,…

Reaction Journal Five: Functionalism This week’s reading was over the beginnings of the radical functionalist movement that was lead by Charles Darwin. Darwin was more concerned with how an organism functioned and adapted to change than the perception, sensations, and the structure of consciousness as his fellow psychologists Wundt and Titchener were. Darwin lived a life of privilege and traveled extensively during his lifetime. During his travels, he observed many animal species and made…

Richard Owen “What a strange man to be envious of a naturalist like myself, immeasurably his inferior!” – Charles Darwin 8th May, 1860. Richard Owen was known for many great achievements and awards in his lifetime. Richard Owen was born on July 20, 1804 in Lancaster, England. Owen was educated at Lancaster Grammar School and was apprenticed in 1820 to a group of Lancaster surgeons said by The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Richard Owen was later admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons of…