Ontology

Theodicy and Why Does Evil exist in the world? Theodicy is defined as the vindication of divine goodness and providence in view of the existence of evil. So why does evil exist? Unfortunately, evil is present throughout the world. Many people wonder why bad things happen to good people. As long as there has been good in the world it has quickly been shadowed by evil. Many people have speculated on why God lets evil exist. In this paper, I hope to touch on some meanings on the reason for evil.…

In the third Meditation, René Descartes aims to offer an argument for the existence of God, based simply on what he knows with certainty. In this, he reviews his doubts, what he knows for certain, and what he no longer doubts. While arguing the existence of God, Descartes explores God as a possible deceiver, his capacity to overcome this doubt in God’s goodness through formal and objective realities, and how effects supremely rely on their ultimate cause. Through his various claims and…

Philosopher George Berkeley formulates a compelling and idealist argument on the basis of human knowledge and human perception in his work “Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge.” Berkeley founds his argument on the statement “esse is percipi,” which means to be is to be perceived. In his view, we do experience things that create ideas within our mind. Since ideas can only resemble other ideas, our mental ideas can only come from an external world that is also made solely of…

The search for the truth of the world has been a highly debatable topic for many philosophers. The concept of ‘substance’ have differed throughout the years, as many philosophers have established contrasting perspectives on it. G.W Leibniz and John Locke were two prominent philosophers whose discussions offered a very unique lens to the the question of what is substance. This essay will focus on philosophers, Leibniz and Locke, and their contrasting perspectives on the concept of substance.…

Through the Argument of Possibility and Necessity, the existence of God is proven. Possibility is having the tendency to stop existing or being contingent. Necessity is a form from itself, which could not possibly have failed to exist. These two concepts and forms of being and the way they interact represent the existence of God. Thomas Aquinas, medieval theologian and philosopher, asserted and taught Five Ways to prove the existence of God. One argument of these five that I find to be…

What does it mean to have knowledge with absolute certainty? Is there any? Though might seem very simple to answer, they can be very difficult to ponder upon critically. To reason such inquiries, one must go into deep thought of what it is questioning and that it exactly what philosophy is. Author in his book examines each of the famous opinions raised by the fathers of modern philosophy and some of the most sophisticated thinkers. Before presenting his own, author states his view toward each…

Analysis of Leibniz cosmological argument for the existence of God The purpose of cosmological arguments is to start with the subject the universe and trace it back to the root that being the cause which according to Leibniz is an infinite necessary being. Profound philosophers used this method in order to enable the general public and academics to seeing the correlation between the universe, and its source God. Leibniz’s main objective was to take Aquinas 's foundation within his cosmological…

HUME’S SKEPTICISM ABOUT OUR ABILITY TO HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD AROUND US AND HIS THEORIES ON CASUALITY AND THE ‘PRINCIPLE OF INDUCTION '. DAVID HUME (1711-1776) is considered as one of the more notable philosophers’ representative of the empiricism. In its critical to the concept of causality, Hume denied it saying that this principle had an existence objective. He supports the idea that cause and effect are factors that not are united by ties needed; if not, these have an arbitrary…

Idealism is a theory advocated by the philosopher George Berkely who arged for the rejection of matter. Berkeley believed that the reality was just a series of mental ideas, he explained it as Specific to be ia to be perceived there was nothing that existed in a physical world external to our minds. All of reality is just mental ideas that we perceive. That’s quite radical theory was led Berkeley into believing that. Firstly, Berkeley rejects he direct realist approach. This is that we directly…

Al-Azm provides a remarkably nuanced analysis of Orientalism as described by Edward Said, while expanding further and developing new concepts as an extension of Said's thesis. While he clearly does not dispute the core theories which underline Said's criticism of the Orientalist tradition, he goes further to criticize some of the biases present in Said's writings. Additionally, by extrapolating the theory to new contexts in the Middle East itself, he excellently expresses the pervasiveness of…