Mitosis

1.2 Cellular DNA Damage responses, genomic instability. DNA is the blue print of life and all the information of life processes such as growth, metabolism, reproduction etc are encoded in the sequence of it. Therefore its very important to maintain the genomic integrity of this genetic material, not only to keep away defects in life processes but to pass a faithful information to the next progeny. Integrity of the DNA is usually challenged by both endogenous and exogenous agents who are capable…

High-energy x-rays, gamma rays and charged particles are used to damage the DNA of cancer cells in an attempt to destroy the tumor and stop the cancer cells from growing out of control. Radiation can damage the DNA directly or indirectly as its application creates free radicals within the cells. Interactions involving cell killing in the realm of photon radiation therapy are mostly due to indirect damage. Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons, leading them to be unstable and react…

Every day a person finds he or she has more work with less time to do that work, but is sacrificing the sleep worth it? Sleep is an important aspect of life and without it one will find uncomfortable and eventually unbearable consequences. Although some may believe that they have the ability to train their bodies to require less sleep, it is impossible. The body needs sleep to regenerate certain parts of the body, especially the brain. After periods of time with little to know sleep one will…

facilitating their interaction and promoting a form of speciation that is lacking in bulk-phase environments” (Deamer 2002). First cells were essentially immortal in the fact that they replicated exact copies of themselves in order to survive during mitosis. This allowed for life to progress and…

Crossing certain crops to induce certain traits in offspring is not a new process. In fact, farmers around the world have used conventional breeding practices such as artificial selection to produce higher-yielding crops for centuries. Those practices were not frowned upon, but instead considered necessary if agriculture was to continue to support the world’s growing population. Today, we face a similar problem. The Earth’s population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and world…

The smallest unit within a living thing is known as a cell. Organisms are also a living thing and cell is considered to be the basic block of organisms that builds them. There are many different types of cells in a living thing and are divided into two main categories (i) prokaryotic and eukaryotic. (Karp, 2010). Characteristics of living cell Cells are considered as the most fundamental unit that has the responsibility to carry functions within a living organism (De Robertis & De Robertis,…

1.1 anatomy of the cornea 1.1.1 Anatomy of the Cornea The cornea is important visual part of the eye, it’s a thin dome-shaped oval from the front and circular from behind and covers the front part of the eye which include iris, pupil and anterior chamber. It forms anterior 1\6 of the outer coat of the globe.[1] The sclera and the conjunctiva overlap the cornea more vertically than horizontally. Together with the lens, the cornea refract light, and it is approximately 43 diopters of the total…

Support the Endosymbiotic Theory Gianna Melendez Chamberlain College of Nursing Support the Endosymbiotic Theory The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotes formed from the union of small aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes, which form organelles. The smaller prokaryotes were not destroyed by the larger cells, but instead became internal parasites that remained surrounded by a vesicular membrane of the host. The theory proposed that mitochondria are the…

Cloning: Benefits, Harms, and Misconceptions For decades scientists have pondered over the idea of somatic cell nuclear transfer, otherwise known as cloning. In 1996, their ideas became tangible with the creation of Dolly the sheep, the first organism to ever be conceived through nuclear cell transfer. Today, scientists are closer than ever to clone human cells successfully. Although there is excitement over this potential scientific breakthrough, there are fearful and apprehensive reactions as…

Neurons Neurons are specialised nerve cells that create and generate nerve impulses; the neurons are made up of dendrites, cell body and an axon. What are dendrites responsible for? Dendrites are branching projections that receive messages (impulses) from other neurons. What are axons responsible for? Axons are tube like structures that transmits signals over a great distance to other neurons, muscles and organs, although not all neurons have axons. What is the cell body responsible for…