Mitosis

They are made within the nucleolus from 60% RNA and 40% protein, and consist of two subunits, one large and one small. When produced, the subunits stay separate to exit through the nuclear pores: it is only because of their miniscule size that they can fit through. Many ribosomes then bind themselves to the RER, although some stay free in the cytoplasm. Free and bound ribosomes both create polypeptide chains, which are used to make proteins. To create a polypeptide chain the large and small…

that has the potential to transform into differentiated specialised cells to perform various functions and features within a body. These cells are found within various multi – cellular organisms, and have the potential to reproduce by the process of mitosis to produce more stem cells. In mammals, these cells are found in forms of adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. An adult stem cell also known as a somatic stem cell is a multipotent cell that is found throughout the body in various…

Esophageal Cancer is the growth of a tumor in the lining of the esophagus, a hollow tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. The esophagus is a necessary organ that allows food to travel to the stomach where it can be broken down into nutrients for the body to use (Esophageal Cancer, mayoclinic.org). When discussing esophageal cancer, it is important to understand what can cause the growth of a tumor in the esophagus, what the potential risk factors are, the symptoms, how this cancer can be…

those stomach cells to reach to the point where those cells can become stem cells, does not mean those cells will work well with other stomach cells. Cells need a relationship to grow and adapt with one another. If those injected stomach cells start mitosis (division of the cell to create one exactly like it) it might just create another cancer (ISSCR). Without trial and error people who are looking for a way to save lives will never get far enough to do…

Neurodegenerative disease is an all-encompassing term for an array of conditions which principally affect the neurons of the human brain. These make up the nervous system, which also incorporates the spinal cord and, under normal circumstances, do not replace themselves or reproduce. Therefore, when they are damaged or die off, they are unable to be replaced. Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating conditions that result in progressive degeneration and/or the death of nerve cells. This…

Stella Cottrell-Dormer Biology GMOEssay Ibu Alissa Gouw December 19 2015 BT Cotton Many of the foods we eat both at home and away from home, are made of ingredients that have been genetically modified, meaning that the genes in the ingredients are improved so that they can be better and more improved. Genetically modified foods can range from the rice we consume to the material used to make our clothes. GMO stands for genetically modified organisms. GMOs are organisms that are created through…

Prenatal (Conception to birth): Conception is the process of fertilisation, in which the male sperm cell combines with female egg to produce a viable embryo. The single celled embryo then replicates, via mitosis, to begin the formation of a multi-celled organism. The cells then undergoes cellular differentiation, through switching different genes on and off, to specialise in a specific function. The average duration of a pregnancy is 37 to 42 weeks, which is split into three distinct…

Micronuclei formation occurs during anaphase of mitosis, where acentric chromosomes, chromatid fragments, and even a whole chromosome are not pulled to opposite ends of pole, therefore lagging behind the other chromatids (Holland and Cleveland, 2014). This lagging genetic segment is not incorporated into…

Background Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and is the leading cause of dementia in late adult life. In 2015, 5.3 million Americans were diagnosed with AD, 5.1 million of whom were above the age of 65. AD is characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive function, and is associated with the accumulation of amyloid-B (AB) protein and hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain. Although the exact pathogenesis of AD is still uncertain, several hypotheses have been proposed to…

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of malignant brain tumor typically found in the cerebral hemispheres, but can be found anywhere in the brain or spinal cord. These tumors are highly malignant meaning a large number of cells reproduce at any given time. There are two main types: primary, or de novo meaning the tumors make themselves known quickly and are extremely aggressive, and secondary meaning the tumors have a slower growth history but are equally aggressive . Secondary tumors are…