International Association for the Study of Pain

Patients at the end of life may experience a continuum of symptoms that are often characterized as unendurable or refractory to aggressive symptom management (Beel, McClement, & Harlos, 2002). Symptoms of this nature can include uncontrolled pain, nausea, vomiting, agitation, dyspnea, and a specific form of delirium that manifests itself in the last hours or days of life. This delirium, also known as terminal delirium, causes intractable restlessness, confusion, and hallucinations. Palliative…

According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described as such (SOURCE).” Since then, the psychology and subjectivity of pain made it even more complex to define pain. There are so many components to pain such as sensory, physical, psychosocial, emotional, and spiritual and how pain is perceived varies from person to person. There are also so many…

The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines neuropathic pain as pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. Neuropathic pain can either be central or peripheral. Central neuropathic pain is caused by a lesion or disease of the central somatosensory nervous system, whereas peripheral pain is caused by a lesion or disease of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system (IASP, 2012). The management of neuropathic pain is challenging because many…

The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines human pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage (Loeser, 2008). It is a complex sensory experience that can even be modifiable without the use of a physical harm. While in contrast, there isn’t an animal-based definition of animal pain. A commonly used definition for animals is ‘ an aversive sensory experience caused by actual…

but other versions of therapy or medication. Music therapy helps reduce pain and anxiety by providing a way to cope with stressful situations and treatments. Music therapy strengthens those who are challenged with physical and mental disabilities, along with social and personal development. Therapists must learn the strengths and needs of each patient before assisting them with the help they need. Music therapy helps reduce pain and anxiety, and distracts patients. “The controlled use of music…

range of techniques, including neurological examinations, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Neurosurgeons are medical practitioners with advanced skills and abilities who specialize in performing intricate surgical procedures that involve the nervous system, brain, and spinal cord. Their extensive training and specialized knowledge empower them to diagnose and treat a diverse…

Arguments for and against animal experimentation Animals have been used time and again at some stage in the records of biomedical studies. Early Greek physician-scientists, inclusive of Aristotle, (384-322 BC) and Erasistratus, (304-258 BC), accomplished experiments on dwelling animals (Franco, 2013). Likewise, Galen (129-199/217), a Greek physician who practiced in Rome and became a giant within the history of medication, performed animal experiments to increase the expertise of anatomy, body…

the year 2030, and 131.5 million people in the year 2050. (Alzheimer’s Disease International & World Alzheimer’s Report, 2015). There are more than 9.9 million new reported occurrences of dementia in the word, making this one new person every 3.2 seconds. (World Alzheimer Report, 2015). In the United States the fifth leading cause of death in people over the age of 65 years is Alzheimer’s disease (Alzheimer’s Association, 2015). The Bulletin of the World Health Organisation predicts that by 2050…

A study of colicky infants in 2012 claimed that the chiropractic care was effective in reducing crying time by 48% compared to that only 18% reduction in untreated infants. Nevertheless, the study was funded by International Chiropractic Association and hence, it is questionable whether there was any researcher bias into the research and skewed the results (9). Similarly, a…

2014). To better understand the role of law and ethics in healthcare and their overlapping responsibility and influence in the Australian healthcare system, an analysis will discuss a case study involving an ethical dilemma. Various relevant legal issues, ethical principles, and theories will be discussed. This study will first briefly define the concept of law and ethical conduct in Australia before observing the scenario and the moral dilemma created by it. Ethical decisions will be measured…