International Association for the Study of Pain

develop interventions to reduce patients’ pain, anxiety, clinical depression, and healthcare costs. The practice of music therapy has existed since Antiquity (i.e., Samuel 16:14-23). However, after the First World War, music therapy gained attention when doctors observed that war veterans who were listening and playing music were recovering more quickly than veterans who were not listening and playing music. Since 1953, the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) has grown in popularity as an…

to fix the injury or illness. During these medical processes and procedures, the patient generally feels a tremendous amount of pain. Doctors combat this pain using various types of drugs referred to as Anesthetics. Developed in the 1800s anesthesia helps patients endure pain and provides relief during surgery. Without anesthesia, people would not be able to endure the pain and some would die from shock. More than 40 million people receive anesthesia each year in North America alone (Baker).…

Detailed in a journal study titled, “Health Risk Behaviors among Young Adolescents: Results from the National Study”, researchers outlined four different types of child maltreatment. These maltreatments, defined as emotional and psychological abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect, were all demonstrated to have an association with dangerous consequential effects as these children matured. According to the researchers…

of dentistry during my health check-ups at Military Hospitals, as my father was in the Indian Army and he would make it a regular routine for us. I would see my younger sister detest going to the dentist, due to the fear of the dental chair and the pain associated with the procedure while sitting on it. Slowly, I started thinking about what we should do to make the experience more comfortable. This gradually led to my inclination towards the health sciences and when the time came to make a…

Lupus Nephritis We identified three studies that analyzed the prevalence and correlates of lupus nephritis (LN) in a total of 428 patients [46-48] (Table 1). The follow-up period varied from less than 1 year up to 10 years. End-stage renal disease requiring dialysis (ESRD) was the most common complication reported (Table 1). Kidney biopsy was the most frequent method applied for diagnosis [46, 48]. However, some studies also analyzed clinical, serological, and immunological data [46] or employed…

because women have right to choose their own bodies but it is still illegal in South Korea since 1953. There are exception for risk of mother’s health due to severe birth or the pregnancy was caused by a sexual crime. However, surprisingly “a 2005 study estimated that South Korea had about 340,000 abortions a year…that is about double the U.S. rate” (1). Moreover, according to Statistics Korea, There are 81% percent of teenager who experienced pregnancy, choose to abort their baby (2). Many…

The United Nations is the association of almost every country in the world. It is thus an international association. In its preamble it states that its aim is to end the war, to proclaim its faith in human rights and in justice between countries, to develop social progress and work for tolerance. Moreover, the goal of the Security Council is “to maintain international peace and security” and also “to develop friendly relations between nations”. These principles promote the Liberal Peace theory.…

products are tested on animals such as mice, rats, rabbit and guinea pigs they are often used to test skin and eye irritation. Where they would rub the product on their bear skin or have it dripped into their eyes without anything to alleviate the pain they receive. Cosmetic companies use The Draize eye test to calculate the irritation to the eye by the products. By strapping bunnies down and clipping their eyelids open to stop them from blinking away the…

Initiatives & Resource Centers (DIRC) because I believe that the DIRC provides a great study space and various opportunities that promotes cultural awareness to the students. As a freshman during my second semester at Cal State Fullerton, I was introduced to the Asian Pacific American Resource Center (APARC), through the Cambodian Student Association, and ever since then I have been coming to the center very often, either to study, have discussions about my culture and other cultures, to hang…

research protocols, ensure that anesthesia and postoperative medications are used when appropriate, and that alternatives to animals are sought out and integrated into studies whenever possible.” Facilities are also reviewed for humane practices by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (Americans for Medical…