International Association for the Study of Pain

on Adolescence, 4(2), 347-364. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0402_9 13. Hartikainen, S., & Aira et al, M. (2005, July 15). Community prevalence of alcohol use and concomitantuse of medication—a source of possible risk in theelderly aged 75 and older. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(7), 680-685. doi:doi: 10.1002/gps.1340 14. Heilbronn, C., Matthews, S., & Lloyd, B. (2014). Social determinants, drinking and chronic disease: The role of social determinants of health in alcohol…

chances of recovery low for those victims who choose to untreated, they are also at risk for further difficulties that can disrupt their lives and the lives of their families such as anxiety, depression, pain, and substance abuse (Schiraldi, 2009). With regards to treating PTSD, research and studies are still very young, however convincing evidence has shown some commonly used approaches to be effective. Exposure therapy has been shown to have a high rate of success when treating victims of…

physical and emotional changes that accompany pregnancy can alter women's capability to function in their various roles, ultimately impacting their quality of life (Mckee, Cunningham, Jankowski & Zayas, 2001; Hueston & Kasik-Miller 1998). Numerous studies have documented significant elevations in psychological symptoms during pregnancy, including depression and anxiety, psychosocial and occupational stress and distress are quite prevalent during pregnancy (Giscombe, & Lobel, 2005; Lee, et al.,…

Exercise 1.1 Health Models a) Define what is meant by (i) the biomedical and (ii) the biopsychosocial model. The term biomedical model refers to a particular viewpoint (model) that proposes disease and illness to be the body’s response to solely biological factors. For example that disease is caused by injury or chemical imbalances, thus it excludes social and psychological reasons for disease. (Sarafino & Smith, 2014). The term biopsychosocial model states that there are three key aspects…

The major negative effect of animal testing is that it's seen as cruel and inhumane. The article “About Animal Testing” written by the Humane Society International states: “Animals are forced chemical exposure in toxicity testing, which can include oral force-feeding, forced inhalation, skin or injection into the abdomen, muscle, etc.” (HSI 1). Many of these animals will die due to the method of which they…

Bone is a major component of the human body which provides structural support, protects vital organs, and stores minerals such as calcium. As the body ages, the process of bone remodeling maintains bone mass; however, bone resorption may eventually overcome formation leading to osteoporosis and subsequent musculoskeletal disorders.1 Approximately ten million individuals in the United States, particularly those 60 years of age and older, are diagnosed with osteoporosis each year.2 This condition…

epidemiological studies suggested that relationship between opium consumption and larynx cancer,(16) other researchers concluded that regular uses of opium can be accounted as risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. (17) Abnet CC et al concluded in their study that use of opium risk factor for esophageal cancer in Golstan in Iran ,(18) Also another study concluded the relationship between opium and esophageal cancer,(19) support that some researchers in their epidemiological study that link…

Female Genital Mutilation is a controversial traditional practice that has harmed, and continues to harm, many girls and women. It “is defined as any procedure ‘involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia without medical reasons.” (Andersson, Rymer, Joyce, Momoh, & Gayle, 2012, p. 1606) To begin this essay, I will discuss where this is happening and the different types of FGM. Second, I plan to focus on why this practice still exists, and the harmful effects. Next, I…

Unit Title: Introduction to Medical Tourism Structure: Medical Tourism or Health Tourism refers to the travel of people to another country for receiving medical treatment in that country. In the past, people from developing countries travelled to developed countries for treatments that were either not available or were not of the required standards in their own countries. Although this pattern still continues, the trend in recent years is for people from the developed countries to travel to the…

breastfeeding. The state and territory governments of Australia are promoting and improving the breastfeeding ratio in order to support, promote breastfeeding more extensively. South Australia, New South Wales, Queensland and the Australian Breastfeeding Association have all developed breastfeeding strategies and guidelines (Australian Health Ministers’ Conference,…