Bone Manufacture: A Case Study

Bone is a major component of the human body which provides structural support, protects vital organs, and stores minerals such as calcium. As the body ages, the process of bone remodeling maintains bone mass; however, bone resorption may eventually overcome formation leading to osteoporosis and subsequent musculoskeletal disorders.1 Approximately ten million individuals in the United States, particularly those 60 years of age and older, are diagnosed with osteoporosis each year.2 This condition induces significant morbidity and mortality provoking approximately 1.5 million fractures of the vertebrae, hip, and wrist annually. Half of all women and one in four men are estimated to experience an osteoporosis-related fracture during their lifetime.3,4

The gold standard method of diagnosing osteopenia or osteoporosis is by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) through dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) (Table 1). Unless a fragility fracture occurred …show more content…
Their mechanism of action involves changes in the biochemical markers of bone turnover, inhibition of osteoclast activity, and reduction in bone catabolism.12 Due to their poor oral bioavailability when taken with acidic beverages like coffee or orange juice, BPs should be swallowed whole with plain water on an empty stomach. BPs are contraindicated unless patients are able to sit or stand upright for at least 30 to 60 minutes to prevent possible esophagitis, dysphagia, and dyspepsia. These agents are all renally eliminated from the body and are not recommended to be used in patients with impaired renal function (creatinine clearance less than 30-35 mL/min). For patients who are unable to tolerate daily oral regimens, available alternatives include once weekly, once monthly, or parenteral