Human Genome Project

The sequencing begins with a single DNA polymerase is immobilized at the bottom of a reaction cell and the reaction called a ZMW (Zero Mode Waveguide). DNA is replicated by enzymes called DNA polymerase which is efficiently duplicate the entire genomes in minutes by reading the DNA and sequentially building a complementary with matching building blocks called nucleotides. DNA polymerase bound to the DNA template is anchored to the bottom glass surface of ZMW. In this sequencing, a phospholinked…

view of the human genome project has been one of great excitement and positive press, but there are people who have concerns that are quite reasonable, and they are frightened of the things they don 't understand” - Thomas R. Cech. Cech’s quote refers to the new discoveries in biotechnology. Many have heard the phrase before; does ‘designer babies’ ring a bell? It might, since it has been a very controversial topic in the science world. Many scientists believe altering the genes in human embryos…

Human consumption of genetically modified foods also known as GMOs are not safe. GMOs are where scientists modify the genome sequence of food to make the company 's products genetically superior to organic foods. Changing the genetic sequence of the plants will open up unexpected effects in the health of the human body that no one has ever predicted before. When one really look into the risk of consuming the mutated foods, one may start to think. Some of the thoughts that pop up into the mind of…

we watched die off. So you see a familiar cadre of de-extinction candidates on the list: mammoths, passenger pigeons, thylacine tigers. These are all big animals that we are sure used to be around because they are large enough to leave an impact on human culture—This suddenly is less about the species themselves and more about us. But why shouldn’t it be, if we’re the ones causing so much damage? Sure, people have caused many recent extinctions, as our species spreads and displaces others. And…

We know what life is. However, we do not know where life came from. Many extraordinary and intellectual people have come up with the most reasonable theories of how “life” came to be. From life being found on different planets, to life being found intriguing places of our very Earth. The Primordial Soup Hypothesis was a theory created by Alexander Oparin and Haldane in 1920. This theory stated that life started from a body of water and amino acids. The beginning of life began as…

The article Brave New Genome is very interesting and raises some very good questions regarding bioethical issues. The articles introduces the topic by giving a brief timeline of events that have taken place in genome mapping over the years. One of the biggest discoveries occurred about ten years ago and scientists found that bacteria cells can be programmed to use DNA to reproduce specific types of genomes. Then in 2013 a scientists Zhang and Church were able to use this information and apply it…

To correct the mutation in the gene that lead to the development of cystic fibrosis, a team of Yale researchers led by Dr. Peter Glazer (Chairman, therapeutic radiology), Mark Saltzman (Chairman, biomedical engineering), and Dr. Marie Egan (professor of paediatrics and of cellular and molecular physiology), the collaborative team operated certainartificial molecules identical to DNA known as Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs), as well as donor DNA, to recover the genetic abnormality.Professor Egan…

this we had to carry out the following steps: DNA extraction, PCR and gel electrophoresis. I found that my genotype matched my phenotype, showing that I was a PTC taster and my genotype was hetero zygote taster. DNA extraction DNA is removed from human cells for a range of reasons. With a pure sample of DNA you can test for a genetic disease, analyze forensic evidence, or study a gene involved in cancer. DNA extraction is an important part of the process because the DNA first needs to be…

Moreover, lab technicians are optimizing viral vectors as well as developing non-viral vectors (liposomes & naked DNA) that have fewer unexpected side effects. In 1985, Drs. W. French Anderson and Michael Blaese accomplished the first successful human…

All genes of living organisms are translated into proteins according to a single genetic code. Eighteen out of the twenty amino acids are encoded by multiple codons, called synonymous codons. If the ultimate goal of protein translation is to produce the encoded amino acid, each synonymous codon should be used equally. Interestingly however, biased usage among synonymous codons occurs in organisms like Escherichia coli and yeast. Codon usage bias refers to the fact that some synonymous codons are…