Dopamine receptor

Substance Abuse No one takes drugs intending to become an addict, addiction is a complex concept. All drugs have addictive properties that make it difficult to stop using. Research today is used to better understand the addiction process and to show how much a substance can affect the abuser’s psychological, medical, physical and social state. There are different theories for why this occurs; causes of addiction are also related and molded to the personality of the ones who use. Understanding…

discontinuing, or switching any implicated medications such antipsychotics (eg, haloperidol) or antiemetics (eg, metoclopramide). Patients with pituitary adenomas (prolactinomas) typically benefit from initial treatment with dopamine agonists such as Dostinex (cabergoline). Dopamine agonists are effective because they inhibit the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland. Patients who fail to respond to cabergoline may benefit from transsphenoidal surgery to remove the prolactinoma. This…

introduced as an intravenous anesthetic under the brand name Sublimaze"(S.Robertson)pg.1. In the 90s fentanyl was turned into a patch which breaks down into the blood stream through a period of 72 hours. Fentanyl affects the body by increasing the dopamine levels causing pain relief. The medical use of fentanyl is pain relief and pain management. Fentanyl can be high addictive and is considered a schedule two narcotic. Withdrawals from fentanyl are very painful and there is a high overdose rate…

stimulus being something like hunger or pain, while external is more along the lines of a sound or an odor. The nervous system interprets stimuli and orders other organ systems to respond. The nervous system does so through using sensory receptors. Sensory receptors are made up of sensory nerve cells and support cells. There are millions of nerve cells in the human body that control just about every move you make, the human brain alone carries about 100 billion neurons. Every neuron…

that signal from a pattern of electrical impulses into the recognizable image of a phone on a desk. The temporal lobe of the brain allows me to process language and to communicate with my mother on the phone (Gade, 2015b). Information gathered by receptors in my ears, such as the sound of the phone ringing, travels to the temporal lobe to be heard and understood. Then, the temporal lobe allows me to compose verbal responses to my mother and speak them aloud. In addition, the brain’s frontal…

with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the brain, which affect dopamine and serotonin levels. It increases the level of these neurotransmitters. This gives the consumer pleasure and reward. The effects are short lived and this increases usage. “Addictive power is attributable to actions on the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, which serves a fundamental role in the acquisition of behaviors that are inappropriately reinforced by addictive drugs” (Volodymyr). Dopamine is involved in…

Neurons controls body functions, behaviors, and emotions but exactly how do neurons do this? First, let's define neuron. "A neuron is a specialized cell that can produce different actions because of its precise connections with other neurons, sensory receptors, and muscle cells (NIDA. 1996. 42)." Neurons have different processes or fibers called dendrites. Neurons fulfill body functions, behaviors, and emotions by passing signals across the synapse from one neuron to the next one. "Neurons from…

enough dopamine, neurons may begin to reduce the number of dopamine receptors or simply make less dopamine. The result is less dopamine signalling in the brain, what the scientists call “down regulation.” Because some drugs are toxic, some neurons also may die. As a result, dopamine’s ability to activate circuits to cause pleasure is severely weakened. The person feels flat, lifeless, and depressed. In fact, without drugs, life may seem joyless. Now the person needs drugs just to bring dopamine…

sugar intake, the data indicates that sugar negatively affects the brain in many ways. The short term effects of sugar may not be as harmful as you think. When a sugary food or drink first enters the mouth, it hits the “sweet” receptors on the tongue. The taste receptors then send a signal up the brain stem, which then forks off into many directions, one of which is the cerebral cortex. From here the brain’s reward system is activated, which is complicated system of chemical and electrical…

Another definition of Abnormal comes from Deviation from social norms. Each culture and society has standards that they see as acceptable behaviour. They are ways of behaving that are expected in a society according to the majority. Members of a society or culture who do not behave or think like the majority and break these norms are often seen as abnormal. With this definition, an individual thinking or behaviour is classed as abnormal if it contradicts or violates the unwritten rules about…