DNA sequence

definition, is the introduction of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders. (Oxford)
A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. (GHR) 
Mutations can range in their sizing and can affect anywhere from a single DNA building block to a large segment of a chromosome that include more than one gene. There are two different types of gene therapy; the one that is applied depends on the types of cells…

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1(PAI-1)4G/5G polymorphism with oxidative stress markers Malondialdehyde (MDA) and High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fibrinolysis marker PAI-1and lipid profiles. Subject and Methods: Blood was drawn and DNA extracted from 90 subjects (46 cases and 44 controls). The 4G/5G polymorphism of PAI-1 was amplified using specific primers. Amplified products were visualized by staining with Ethidium bromide after electrophoresis in agarose. Risk factors PAI-1,…

In this context, the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s marked the beginning of a new era in biology (Jackson et al. 1972). This beginning promoted a new born in genetic engineering boosting the modern biotechnology and other science fields. Thanks to this discover, scientists could…

prokaryotes, and therefore, must condense their DNA into chromatin. Chromatin is composed of histone proteins that help to condense and organize the DNA forming chromosomes. The basic unit of this chromatin is a nucleosome, which contains about 150 base pairs of DNA that are wrapped 1.7 times around the core histone proteins. However, this tightly wrapped chromatin becomes a problem when regulatory proteins need access to specific sections of the DNA. The genes are “turned off” to…

Chronological lifespan of S. cerevisiae mutants lacking telomere capping protein Cdc13 and Exo1 Lay summary For over 25 years, yeast has been used as a model to understand cellular processes such as how; DNA is repaired and produced, also for understanding different aspects of the cell lifecycle and principle molecular processes in eukaryotes (the same type of cells that make up humans, animals and plants). Because yeast can be easily grown until it dies in a relatively short time, it is an…

The history of modern GE (genetically engineered) technology made a huge breakthrough in 1973 when Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen worked together to create the first GE organism. They used genetic engineering to transfer the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of one organism into another. In 1974, Rudolf Jaenisch and Beatrice Mintz…

polycistronic mRNA will likely have related function, for example each cistron may code for the subunits of the quaternary structure of a globular protein. Eukaryotes contain non coding sequences within their DNA known as introns, while these are absent in Prokaryotes. In order for translation to form the correct sequence for the corresponding polypeptide, eukaryotic mRNA introns must be spliced using a collective…

observed in most fauna is the development of limbs; however, one species that is known to lack limb development is the snake species so that paper published by Kvon et al, investigates and tries to subside the debate over whether the sequence changes in non-coding regulatory DNA is the core driver of changes in the body shape in this species. In order to provide support for this dilemma, the researchers studied genomes of various snakes, both basal and advanced, to observe the evolutionary…

variations include nonsynonymous mutations, deletion of coding sequences, translocations, transposable element insertions, alterations within introns and disruption of regulatory elements, as examples. These alterations can cause a range of phenotypic effects from no effect to cell death for essential genes. Disruptions that result in an essential phenotype are typically important to core activities of the cell, such as energy metabolism, DNA replication, or protein processing. Mutations can…

one copy of each gene from their parents, and most genes are the same in all people (What Is a Gene, 2014). Since genes, on the molecular level, are a sequence of DNA nucleotide bases, any change in this sequence results in a genetic mutation (Mader & Windelspecht, 2012). Less than 1% of human genes have small differences in their sequence of DNA bases between individuals. These forms of genes are known as alleles (What Is a Gene, 2014). These small genetic differences can contribute to a…