DNA sequence

The biological instructions that make each species unique is a code often referred to as Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. In every cell in an organism DNA can be found in the cell’s nucleus. mRNA a replication of DNA leaves the cell’s nucleus and journeys to the mitochondria. Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) are the four coded chemical bases that the DNA uses to store information. Three of these bases code for a triplet of a codon. DNA’s four chemical bases each have a pair; A…

Exercise #12: Human Genome Project Elena Zachel Part 1: The Human Genome Project 1.The main goals of the HGP (Human Genome Project) are to establish all the 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA, find out and understand the order of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, save the information of human DNA in databases, enhance tools for data analysis, move similar technologies to the private sector, which means that it would not be owned by the government, and last but not…

13. Our advantage in the “survive and reproduce race” is that we are intelligent. We know that we want to reproduce and survive. We learn mechanisms or tactics to protect ourselves and survive. An example of this is antibiotics. The author describes the battle between bacteria and antibiotics as an “Arm race” because whenever new antibiotics are introduced or discovered bacteria always develop resistance to it. An example is penicillin when it first came out in 1928, it worked great but 22 years…

since 1940. After working for many years at Cambridge and earning numerous awards, he died November 13, 2013 due to natural causes.(nobelprize.org) Frederick Sanger did much work in biology, specifically in the structure of insulin and the sequence of amino acids of proteins inside our bodies. He studied the insulin molecule, seeing the amino acids and seeing how the chains all…

The aim of the data analysis exercise was to determine genetic relationships between the HSP70 amino acid chains of fourteen different organisms. The data produced was an identification table, a sequence alignment diagram and a cladogram. In cladograms the branches are not representative of the evolutionary time that has occurred. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are in a class of proteins called molecular chaperones. (Kiang, J.; G, Tsokos. 1998). They are present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes,…

identical biologically. Epigenetic markers vary widely from one person to another, but identical twins were still considered genetically identical because epigenetics influences only the expression of a gene, the phenotype and not the underlying sequence of the gene…

Drosophila and when mutated results in a head structure that resembles a fork (Wiegel et al 1989). Over 100 FOX proteins have been identified since and classified as FOXA to FOXR depending on sequence similarities. The FOX family of proteins function as transcription factors and their defining feature is a DNA binding domain known as the fork head domain (Lai et al 1993). This domain is a hundred amino acids long and is highly conserved. It consists of three alpha helices and two large loop…

or delaying of the ageing process (3). One of the primary hallmarks is epigenetics (3); defined as changes in the activity and expression of genes that occur without modification in DNA sequence (4). These changes are performed through transcriptional control. One of the most important mechanisms of epigenetics is DNA methylation, regulated by protein complexes such as methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) proteins or HDACs. Histone modification, regulated by enzymes responsible for histone…

Plasmids are extra chromosomal DNA within some bacteria that exist as circular structures. Although they are not essential for survival of the bacterium, they often do confer many environment advantages such as antibiotic resistance. One bacteria of interest is E. coli, a gram-negative organism that is part of normal human gut flora. Some strains of E. coli are pathologic to humans, however some strains are beneficial. For example, one strain produces vitamin K, an essential nutrient. In this…

Ultraviolet Radiation in Different Environments Introduction DNA is composed of two strands composed of polynucleotides arranged in a double helix formation composed of four nucleotide subunits: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Each base must form a hydrogen bond with its respective compatible base, therefore adenine always bonds with thymine and guanine always bonds with cytosine. DNA is used to transfer genetic information to be able to duplicate a…