Cesare Beccaria

Many Scholars have asked ‘Why do people do crime?’ Many theories have been discussed through history and though they may seem to work with most crimes, no one theory works with every crime. Rational Choice Theory generally is not compared with violent crimes. In the case of rape I feel that Rational Choice Theory is the best theory to explain why people do it. The UCLA Women’s Law Journal says that “The United States has the world’s second highest rate of reported rape. About sixteen to eighteen…

that swift, certain, and severe sanction from different formal systems of social control creates costs that will possibly deter future criminal activity (Fagan & Piquero, 2010). Jeremy Bentham created the theory of rational choice as well as Cesare Beccaria. It also assumed that the decision made by the offender involves some form of procedural rationality or substantive rationality. The difference between the two are simple procedural rationality is simply the decision making process…

In 1772 BC the Hammurabi Code established punishment for crimes including the death penalty. The code contained 25 death penalty crimes. Murder was not one of them. The first death penalty sentence recorded occurred in Egypt during the 16th century BC. The “Draconian Code of Athens” in the 7th century BC, made every crime punishable by death. This is where the meaning of the word draconian is derived. The “Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets” codified the death penalty in the 5th century BC.…

Summary Criminology studies the reasoning and factors as to why individuals engage in criminal activities. In classical criminology, social philosophers Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham developed a theory of crime that criminologist and theorist still use today (Akers 2017). In classical criminology, an individual commits a crime by making a rational decision. That decision is based off of whether the benefits that one might receive by offending outweighs the consequences such as being caught…

These reforms limited the death penalty to two crimes – intentional murder and treason – but only lasted until William Penn’s death in 1718. This did not stop the reformers of the eighteenth century, however. Cesare Beccaria, known as “the father of modern criminal justice,” has left a lasting impact in the history of the death penalty as he is known for his not only his support in extreme punishment reforms, including the abolishment of the death penalty, but also…

then provides the reader with a sense of reality and clarifies that “it was not in the thirteenth or fourteenth century that this affair happened; it was in the eighteenth.” Other writers shared similar views as Voltaire on torture, such as Cesare Beccaria in his Essay on Crimes and Punishments (1764). Once Voltaire began to question corporal punishment, an increasing number of legal reformers began to question torture too. The criminal justice system was restructured, and torture was seen as…

With the new ideas of the Enlightenment being popularized, Europeans began to take different views that usually contrasted previous ways of thinking, including different takes on religion, open-mindedness and rejection of human rights, and exploring different ways of thinking about everything else. With the success and praise of these up-and-coming ideas, many others were inspired to learn about and come up with their own resulting in a plethora of new knowledge that modernized Europe to this…

The British criminal justice system (CJS) is a multi-agency organisation founded by government bodies in order to deter criminal activity in society and enforce punishments on those who offend (Gov.uk, 2013). Once an individual has violated a law, the individual will have a sentence imposed on them. A sentence is ‘a court order specifying the punishment to be imposed on a person who has been convicted of an offence’ (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007: p, 411). The aims of sentencing as set out in…

As well as a supporter of Beccaria, he came up with the panoptical concept for prisons in 1791. Bentham’s panopticon is a prison in which the jailer or a guard can view all the inmates in their cells without being seen himself. Ideally, inmates would be watched at all times. Bentham…

(EC 3 L.P.R.A§1822 (a-i), EC 3 L.P.R.A§1823, EC 3 L.P.R.A§1824, EC 3 L.P.R.A§1827) are too light when penalizing unscrupulous people, figure 1.1 shows the maximum penalty for aggravating circumstances is 2 years in prison and/or $3,000 fine. Cesare Beccaria expressed punishment should be in accordance with the crime committed, but law in Puerto Rico for corruption is too light therefore, it needs to be stronger for official committing corruption, so others don’t get encourage to do the same.…