Basilar artery

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is often a feared complication of overly aggressive correction of hyponatremia (defined as < 135 mEq/L).1 Current guidelines1,2,3 dictate a slow correction of sodium, generally not exceeding 8-10 mEq/24 hrs to prevent CPM.1 CPM is a non-inflammatory demyelinating disease characterized by the loss of myelin in the base of the pons and carries a poor prognosis, often times resulting in death. We present a case in which an elderly gentleman was admitted for…

such as attention deficits and irritability to more severe forms such as altered consciousness, stupor, and even going into a coma. The most common complication is ascites. Vasodilation in the systemic circulation can lead to under filling of the arteries which will then activate the renin angiotensin pathway, this pathway will in turn stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. All of this will lead to the retention of sodium and water, and together with low levels of albumin levels and increased…

ACHALASIA Achalasia refers to a rare disease of the muscle of the lower esophageal body and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that prevents relaxation of the sphincter and inability of the muscles to contract, or absence of peristalsis, of the esophagus. LES pressure and relaxation are regulated by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters however, patients with achalasia lack these nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory ganglion cells thus, causing imbalance between the excitatory and…

Peripheral artery disease is due to a blockage of small or medium arteries that gives off blood to the rest of the body. This disease, especially affects the lower extremities and tend to be common. Patients with this peripheral artery disease (PAD) is at greater risk of myocardial infarctions and strokes. PAD affects is known to affect at least 29% of the population and the chance of you getting it, increases with age. Also gender, cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, smoking and high blood…

Pets can end up with all kinds of disease, just as we can. Gaining knowledge of what those could be, what the signs are, and what steps to take is the key to keeping your pet happy and healthy. Our pets should have regular checkups so any diseases or illnesses can be detected early. One thing that can happen to our pets is hypokalemia, which can be potentially fatal. What is hypokalemia? The simple definition is low blood potassium. But what is going on inside the body when a dog has…

the defect, symptoms, causes and treatments. The right side of the heart picks up oxygen by moving blood to the lungs. The oxygen-rich blood then goes to the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart then moves it to the aorta; the main artery that transports oxygen-rich blood to the body (“Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)”). VSD causes the person’s…

Here I hypothesize that trauma is an example for a robustness failure in a biological system. Robustness, can be defined most generally as a property that allows a system to maintain its functions against internal and external perturbations [1]. The body uses feedback systems to achieve robust, dynamic response in the presence of trauma. For instance, when a patient bleeds severely, they experience hypovolemic shock. The loss of blood prevents adequate oxygenated blood from reaching vital organs…

Hydrosalpinx represents fluid trapped in a distended fallopian tube with distal occlusion, and occurs in the setting of previous pelvic inflammatory disease. The appearance on grayscale ultrasound is of a tubular and elongated cystic mass with incomplete septations or indentations along its walls (“waist sign” or “cogwheel”)[18]. In order to fully appreciate the tubular structure of the cyst, the ultrasound probe may be turned by a 90° angle, and a seemingly simple cyst will appear to be tubular…

Coronary illness is a condition that emerges from expanded measures of atheromatous plaques that accumulate inside the corridors. Many individuals who build up this condition may not start demonstrating indications until years after they have at first built up the illness. The most risky side effect of this ailment is a heart assault, and this will for the most part happen after the atheromatous plaques break separated and start limiting the stream of blood into the heart. Coronary course…

Powerlab 4 Questions When taking our subject’s different capacities, we found that her inspiratory capacity (IC) was 5.58 L, vital capacity (VC) was 5.85 L, functional residual capacity (FRC) was 1.74 L, and her total lung capacity (TLC) was 7.32 L. When comparing these numbers to the averages for a woman’s capacity we find that: her IC was more than double of that of an average woman (5.58 L compared to 2.4 L); her vital capacity was greater than average as well (5.85 compared to 3.1 L).…