Anthrax toxin

performed the world’s first vaccination in 1796, created to protect the world against smallpox. By inoculating people with substances from a cowpox lesion, he was able to create immunity to smallpox all over the world. Vaccines and antitoxins against anthrax, diphtheria, plague, tuberculosis, and more were developed over the 1930s. Over the next 200 years, procedures for developing viruses in the laboratory underwent medical and technological changes, which led to fast detections and…

neglected. It is unethical and unnecessary. We continue to ignore it, so it continues to occur. Some may believe that animal testing is cruel and inhumane. Animals suffer just like humans, whether it is caused by pain or stress. There are many harmful toxins and ingredients in the testing materials that they use that can cause harm to animals. Even though the researchers try to minimize the pain, they aren’t able to completely prevent pain from occurring. Animals are not capable of making…

Organic Agriculture ≠ Better: For You or the Environment Picture a world with widespread famine and polluted water. Small withered plants surrounded by weeds and pests trying to grow out of nitrogen deficient soil reeking of animal fecal matter. You seek to find the forest of your youth, that you used to play in, but it is no longer there. Instead you see only more malnourished farmland. One out of every five people are dying of hunger. You go to take a drink of water, to find it has to be…

tested before being presented to the FDA? In many cases, these products go through various test on beings that are similar to humans, animals. These animals are subjected to test that applies certain levels of chemicals on the skin, injects them with toxins, exposes them to radiation that alters DNA codes, and numerous other test to advance research for the betterment of human life. Yet, from these actions, another question arises. Do we as humans, have the right to subject these creatures to…

I. Introduction From World War I to shortly after World War II, the Western world created numerous significant treaties and agreements including the Treaty of Versailles, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, otherwise known as the Geneva Protocol. However, the Geneva Protocol is one of the most comprehensive and arguably successful agreements to come from the time…

As defined by the Rand Corporation (3), agroterrorism is “the deliberate introduction of a disease agent, either against livestock or into the food chain, for the purposes of undermining socioeconomic stability and/or generating fear. Depending on the disease agent and pathogenic vector chosen, agroterrorism is a tactic that can be used either to cause mass socioeconomic disruption or as a form of direct human aggression”. The Department of Homeland Security defines agricultural bioterrorism as…

Importance of Microbes Introduction It was long ago when Man realized that, along with animals and plants, he was also accompanied by some other organisms as well, and though which remained hidden from his eyes. Those organisms were unveiled by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, who first saw the tiny organisms which accompanied Man through the lenses of microscope. Later it was found out that microorganisms inhabited each and every surface of earth, on man himself, or even inside him, resided under the…

Bacterial community of some waste dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria Moro, D.D.1, Bello, H.A.2 and Akano, S.O.3 1. Department of Microbiology, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria. 2. Department of Science Technology,Gateway Polytechnic, Igbesa, Ogun State, Nigeria. 3. Department of Medical Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria. ABSTRACT Bacteriological…

addition, antibody production is increased when body temperature is high. Before the advent of antibiotics, fevers were artificially induced for the treatment of neurosyphilis and proved to be beneficial. Hyperthermia benefits individuals infected with anthrax, pneumococcal pneumonia, leprosy, and various fungal, rickettsial, and viral diseases. Hyperthermia also slows the growth of some tumors. However, very high temperatures are harmful. When the rectal temperature is over 41 °C for prolonged…

lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, are released only when bacteria die and cell walls break down an example of which is salmonella (Reece, et al.). One of the most threatening ways we have used bacteria would be through Anthrax and the threat it that it can cause as a weapon of bioterrorism (Reece, et…