Anthrax toxin

result of bioterrorist attacks, people can die, economies can be severely damaged, and the environment can be ruined. In addition, bioterrorist attacks have happened before within the United States of America, and one of the best examples is the anthrax attack of 2001. There is also the issue of how unlikely a bioterrorist attack is due to varying factors that generally have to do with the terrorist himself. In any case, if a bioterrorist attack were to occur in the United States, the…

Anthrax is caused by spore forming bacterium. It mostly affects animals. Humans can be infected if come in contact with infected animals. It was most common with sheep and cattle. In 1881, Louis Pasteur focused his attention on anthrax. Louis Pasteur performed public experiments in which he injected one group of animals with an anthrax vaccine he developed (9). Pasteur gave 25 shots of anthrax vaccine he had created with a weakened anthrax bacteria (8). Pasteur gave both rounds of the vaccine…

The subjects that will be discussed are staphylococci, Unknown 1, and Streptococci & Enterococci. Exercise 26 emphases on Staphylococcus. Staph is short for staphylococcus, which is a type of bacteria. The genus for staphylococcus is staphylococci there are various types but the most important organisms within this genus are Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saphrophyticus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. S.aureus is the common bacteria within this genus and is the number one infection in…

Typical clinical signs of V. vulnificus infections include fever, chills, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, septic shock, and characteristic skin lesions [15]. These characteristic skin lesions include lower extremity cellulitis with ecchymosis and bullae. Since the organism can cross the intestinal mucosa rapidly, development of bullous skin lesions of the lower extremities can occur within the first 24 hours after onset of illness [16]. This onset if often thought of as an early manifestation of…

In the 2001 nonfiction book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser unmasks the reality behind fast food industries by pointing out some of the consequences such as the change it has caused to several cities, deathly illnesses, and the gap between the rich and the poor; his purpose is to convince people to make the right decisions on their own (276). In chapter nine, Schlosser illustrates how some of the deadly diseases such as E. coli 0157:H7, foodborne pathogens, microbes, and Salmonella are spread…

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The FBI’s investigation of the 2001 anthrax attacks revealed several failures of sensemaking, both at the level of specific FBI investigatory procedures, and at the broader level of organizational sensemaking and identity threats. The sensemaking model is helpful for understanding the FBI’s actions because the former failures in sensemaking likely caused broader identity threats that could have, and should have triggered sensemaking at the organizational level. The FBI, in its investigation of…

2001, America experienced a biological attack on US soil that resulted with the death of 5 americans and 17 being infected from letters laced with anthrax. As a result of this national crisis, the FBI was given the task of investigating the anthrax attack. This was the very first time that the FBI handled a case like this. In order to solve the anthrax case, the FBI used sensemaking. Sensemaking is the process of how an organization interprets an ambiguous situation. Some distinguishing factors…

Anthrax Outbreak Out of all of the diseases, anthrax seems to have the most potential for a massive outbreak. In its respiratory form, anthrax could easily be spread globally. It’s high mortality rate and typically short incubation period would allow casualties to increase quickly. The most effective way to create an outbreak of anthrax would be through direct acts of bioterrorism. As anthrax is not communicated person-to-person the spores would have to be continually introduced into the…

C1, C2, D, E, F and G. Botulinum toxin type A is the most powerful and longest acting of all and used widely for therapeutic purpose. It consists of two polypeptide chains : a heavy chain and a light chain linked together by a disulphide bond. It is synthesized in an inactive single peptide chain with a molecular mass of 150kD. Recently, Type B Botulinum Toxin is also commercially available in market.  Mechanism of Action The main site of action of Botulinum toxin is neuromuscular junction.…