Adrenal medulla

1. Discuss what a neuron is and the functions of its basic parts (dendrites, soma, axon, myelin sheath). A neuron is a nerve cell. There are about 10,000 specific types of neurons, but there are three most common neurons: sensory, motor, and interneurons. A sensory neuron sends signals to help your brain understand what is going on around you in your environment. Sensory neurons are what make up your senses, (smell, touch, see, taste, and hear.)…

Fluid regulation is very vital to homeostasis. If electrolyte levels rise or fall beyond normal limits, many bodily functions will eventually fail to progress at their normal degrees. Maintaining normal pH levels is also important for normal body functioning mainly because small alterations in pH can make up important changes in our metabolism. Electrolytes are minerals which mean that they carry ions and salts in our body that have an electric charge. They can be found in our urine, blood…

Blood pressure is the pressure applied by blood on the walls of blood vessels, it is controlled by a negative feedback system where heart rate and blood volume need to be altered in order to control the pressure. Local negative feedback systems and heart rate is regulated but the cardiovascular centre which also in turn controls neural and hormonal mechanisms. Neurons regulate heart rate and contractility and some neurons inhibit, stimulate or control heart rate by causing constriction which…

Although human and frog hearts do not look the exact same, they do act very similar. Human hearts have four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. Contrarily, frog hearts have only three chambers: two atria and one ventricle. Frogs are helpful in scientific research of the heart and its many functions because human hearts can obviously not be used. In this case, the frog hearts are helpful in determining the effects of different chemicals on the heart. Certain chemicals and agents effect the…

and the excitation capacity of the AV junction fibres between the muscles in the atria and the AV node, decreasing the speed of transmission of the cardiac impulse into the ventricles. 10. Epinephrine (adrenaline) is a hormone released by the adrenal medulla that increases blood pressure and heart rate. Feelings such as fear or excitement stimulate the release of this hormone into the blood. When epinephrine binds to receptors of a heart muscle, it stimulates a signal transduction process that…

Describe the signalling pathways downstream of the heterotrimeric G proteins Gs, Gi and Gq G-Proteins are one of the largest families of proteins in the body and are involved in many physiological pathways. G-proteins alter the levels of second messengers in the cell. Inactive G-proteins are always associated with the membrane. G-Proteins are heterotrimeric i.e. they have three different subunits: the largest sub unit, the alpha subunit (Gα); beta subunit (Gβ) and gamma subunit (Gγ). The Gβ and…

Stressed lifestyle and personality are some of the psychological factors that influence health and behaviour in our lives. However, our response to stressors determines our ability to control and manage or develop illness out of the stress. “Stress is experienced when a person’s perceived environmental, social, and physical demands exceed their perceived ability to cope, particularly when these demands are seen as endangering the person’s well-being in some way” (Cardwell & Flanagan, 2012).…

the kidneys leading to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cycle and the baroreceptors in the aortic arch, carotid sinus. This stimulates of vasomotor regulatory centers in the medulla, which in turn activates the sympathetic nervous system release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands causing constriction of arteries to increase blood pressure. The activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cycle leads to the retention of sodium and water, release of…

15. Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is made up of neural clusters that aide in regulating thirst, hunger, body temperature, and sexual behavior that ultimately help maintain a normal internal state. More specifically, the hypothalamus helps the brain secrete essential hormones that thus, govern one’s physiological functions, such as the ones mentioned above, by working with the pituitary gland as well as other hormone secreting glands. While people are driving, the hypothalamus makes drivers…

the Forebrain, the Midbrain, and the Hindbrain. These functions in unison to process all received information. The Hindbrain is located at the back to the scull and is the lowest part of your brain! There are an additional three parts to this. The medulla, which controls breathing, good posture, and it regulates reflexes. The cerebellum, which is what gives us motor coordination, and last, the Pons. This part monitors sleep and arousal. The forebrain is the highest part of you brain.…