Adrenal medulla

The sympathetic nervous system is a faster system as it moves along very short neurons, but when the system is activated, it initiates the adrenal medulla to release hormones and chemical receptors into the bloodstreams. In turn, the target glands and muscles are activated. Once the perceived danger is gone, the parasympathetic nervous system takes over to counterbalance the effects of the sympathetic…

The uptake of oxygen into muscles is what facilitates muscle contraction. Oxygen that is obtained through breathing by the lungs is transported to the rest of the body, as well as the heart by means of haemoglobin. The rate of liberation of oxygen from haemoglobin has an effect on the quantity of oxygen available in the muscles for a muscle contraction to ensue. The higher the oxygen concentration in the muscle the greater the force of muscle contraction. Temperature has an effect on the…

better understand the human response to fear, it helps to understand the body’s response. When a stimulus that triggers fear is encountered, impulses are sent from sympathetic nervous system to glands and smooth muscle. These impulses alert the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) into the blood stream. These hormones, often referred to as “stress hormones” cause an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Then corticotrophin-releasing factor…

run from lower parts of the brain to other organs. The ANS is predominantly controlled by the hypothalamus and is supposed to help regulate normal bodily functions. This activation of the sympathetic branch then stimulates the adrenal medulla. This is located on the adrenal gland’s inner core. This causes it to release the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones regulate metabolic change. In the sympathetic response, they enable the mobilisation of fats and carbohydrates which…

Pheochromocytomas are rare tumors arising exclusively from the chromaffin tissue of the sympathetic nervous system in adrenal medulla, However, the similar tumors that arise from same tissue in other locations are referred to as paragangliomas according to the most recent classification done by World Health Organization classification of tumours.1,2 Only 1% of paragangliomas are found in the urinary bladder which account for less than 0.06% of all bladder malignancies.3,4 Paraganglioma of the…

All humans are designed with two types of immunity; innate and adaptive. The innate immune system can distinguish between different classes of pathogens and recruit the most effective form of adaptive immune response to eliminate them. Adaptive responses are a response that the body adapts to certain injuries or insults. Innate responses are non-specific to the insult. Unlike innate immune responses, the adaptive responses are highly specific to the particular pathogen that induced them (Alberts…

in inflammation’, Arthritis Research and Therapy, vol. 16, no.6, pp. 504, viewed 8 February, http://dx.doi.10.1186/s13075-014-0504-2. Ulrich- Lai, YM, Figueiredo, HF, Ostrander, MM, Choi, DC, England, WC, Herman, JP 2006, ‘Chronic stress induces adrenal hyperplasia and hypertrophy in a subregion- specific manner’, American Journal of Physiology- Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 291, no. 5, pp. 965-973, viewed 8 February,…

Neurotransmitters dysfunction Noradrenaline and depression- Noradrenaline, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone which is released by the adrenal medulla and by the sympathetic nerves; a functional group of neurotransmitter. Also it is used as a drug to raise blood pressure. Noradrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands, which is in charge of releasing stress hormones. When this hormone is secreted it raises blood pressure and the blood sugar in the body. This energy is secreted to the…

hypertension. There are certain medications or conditions that cause this. The medications could be birth control pills, decongestions, pain relievers and other drugs. The medical conditions can be sleep apnea, thyroid problems, kidney problems, adrenal gland tumors, and many others. Risk factors of primary hypertension are usually lifestyle factors. People, who are not active, eat a sodium rich diet and use tobacco and alcohol are at a higher risk of developing the disease. African-Americans,…

Unit 4 – Fiona Bennett Brain Science In this unit I will be investigating the structure of the brain. The human brain is responsible for everything that happens in our bodies. On average the brain weighs 1.5 kilograms. It is one the most complex organs in the human body. The brain controls everything from coordinating movements to constructing sentences and even simple things like breathing. The brain is supplied with oxygen to keep it alive by a network of blood vessels. Structure of the brain…