Adrenal medulla

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are rare, benign tumors that develop from chromaffin cells, which are located in the neuroectodermal tissues around the spinal column and the adrenal glands (Grouzman et al., 2015 and Santos, 2014). Pheochromocytomas are located inside of the adrenal gland, while paragangliomas are located outside of the adrenal gland. These tumors are known to secrete neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as catecholamines (VanMeter & Hubert,…

phosphorus by stimulating the transfer of calcium from bone to blood, and inhibiting bone formation and by increasing calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion in the kidney. 4. Mineral corticosteroids such as aldosterone are secreted by the adrenal…

homeostasis and the bodies rest and digest response. The sympathetic nervous system has a thoraco-lumbar outflow from the spinal chord to relay in ganglia adjacent to the spinal chord, from these fibres pass through to organs like the heart, intestine adrenal glands and blood vessels. The sympathetic nervous system also releases adrenaline and noradrenaline which produces…

three sections of the brain are the hindbrain, the limbic system, and the cerebral cortex. The hindbrain consists of the medulla which is directly above the spinal cord and controls breathing, heartbeat, and other vital life functions like the things we don’t have conscious control over. It also has pons which are in the uppermost level of the hindbrain and just above the medulla, they serve as a bridge and information from higher parts of the brain revels through these to get to the cerebellum…

Introduction of Patient My patient is Freda Wilson, a 64-year-old Caucasian female who resides in Shawnee, Kansas with her husband. Mrs. Wilson is 5’5” tall and weighs 148 pounds, has two adult children, and is a relatively healthy individual. Mrs. Wilson and her husband spent five days in Oklahoma babysitting their grandchildren, two boys – one and three years old. Within 24 hours of returning home, Mrs. Wilson had a headache, felt fatigue, and later in the afternoon spiked a fever in excess…

In chapter 13 the key points of focus are stress, health and coping. As defined by the cognitive appraisal model, stress is a negative emotional state that is in occurrence to events that are seen as appraised as taxing or exceeding one's resources. Psychologists that study stress and other psychological factors that influence health, illness and treatment are health psychologist. Events or situations that produce stress are known as stressors. Significant sources of stress include daily…

Conclusion 1 : The degrees of exercise and the pulse rate are positively related. That means the pulse rate increases when the degrees of exercise increase. Explanation : - Pulse rate increases means the heart rate increases. - Heart rate increases means the frequency of the beating of heart increases. - Three reasons for the rise in pulse rate when the degrees of exercise increase. Reason ⅰ : To remove lactic acid in blood and skeletal muscle cells…

1. Definition of Asthma: Asthma is one of the most common type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A COPD is a type of disease or disorder to which the airway is affected and causes breathing to be slowed or forced. Asthma is a type of COPD that causes the airway to become inflamed and to be hypertensive (increased pressures in the blood vessels in the airway) due to any internal or external stimuli. The system that is closely associated with asthma is the respiratory system. The…

during exercise the muscles are going to send a message through the nervous system to the medulla, after receiving the message it releases epinephrine and nor-epinephrine which are going to travel along the nervous system to reach the sinus node, which is the electrical system of heart. The node will trigger the heart's contractions. After the exercise is over the muscles will again send a message to medulla, this time the response will be releasing a hormone named acetylcholine, the hormone…

on her, resulting in amplified secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol and anti-inflammatory cytokines) from the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) (Huether & McCance, 2012). The stress response stimulates the sympathetic nervous system with the liberation of norepinephrine, while catecholamines are liberated into the blood stream through medulla of the adrenal gland (Huether & McCance, 2012). Furthermore, the pituitary gland triggers corticotropin-releasing hormone to liberate arrays of…