Classics 2300 Midterm 4

Front 1

What were Equites? What did they wear?

Back 1

type of [imperial] gladiator

horsemen/knights that only fought each other

opening act for gladiatorial combat

they wore: white tunics, brimmed helmet, manica (arm guard), sword + shield

Front 2

what is this?

Back 2

Madrid Mosaic depicting two Equites and two refs

Front 3

*"Those erstwhile players of horns, those perpetual friends.

Of public arenas, noted through all the towns for their

Rounded cheeks,now mount shows themselves, and kill

To please when the mob demand it with a turned thumb (pollice verso)"*

Back 3

Juvenal's Satire 3

Front 4

who is this?

Back 4

Marcus Aurelius, the philosopher emperor

Front 5

who is this? who does he depict himself as?

Back 5

Commodus (son of Marcus Aurelius); Herakles

Front 6

*“After lunch Commodus would fight as a gladiator. The form of contest that he practiced and the armour that he used were those of the secutores,as they were called: he held the shield in his right hand and the wooden sword in his left, and indeed took great pride in the fact that he was left-handed.His antagonist would be some athlete or perchance a gladiator armed with a stick; sometimes it was a man that he himself had challenged, sometimes one chosen by the people, for in this as well as in other matters he put himself on an equal footing with the other gladiators, except for the fact that they enter the lists for a very small sum, whereas Commodus received a million sesterces from the gladiatorial fund each day.”*

Back 6

Cassius Dio's Senator and the Eyewitness (??? not sure if this is the right title)

Front 7

“Leisure is a system of symbols which acts to establish a feeling of freedom and pleasure byformulating a sense of choice and desire.”

who's definition of leisure is this?

Back 7

Toner's definition

from Leisure and Ancient Rome

Front 8

*“As I frequently contemplate and call to mind the times of old, those in general seemto me, brother Quintus, to have been supremely happy, who, while they weredistinguished with honours andthe glory of their actions in the best days of the republic, were enabled topursue such a course of life, that they could continue either in employmentwithout danger, or in leisure with dignity.To myself, also, there was a time whenI thought that a season for relaxation, and for turning my thoughts again tothe noble studies once pursued by both of us, would be fairly allowable, and beconceded by almost every one; if the infinite labourof forensic business and the occupations of ambition should be brought to astand, either by the completion of my course of honours(cursus honorum), or by the decline of age.”*

Back 8

Cicero's De Oratore

Front 9

*“For it is by a man’s pleasures – his pleasures indeed – that his sense of dignity, integrity and moderation can best be judged. For who is so dissolute that no trace of seriousness is to be found in his pastimes? Our leisure(otium)givesus away.”*

Back 9

Pliny's Panegyric for Emperor Trajan

side note: panegyric = song of praise

Front 10

“It is essential for those who are looking after the state that the people be very happy and devoid of all concern and contemplation, having handed their leisure over to others (aliis permisso otio suo)who must look after it and who must not make the mistake of having the people think that their leaders are neglecting their comforts (commoda)’’.

Back 10

Cicero's Republic

Front 11

“But if we ourselves who are kept by our business from public pleasure and are able tofind many other pleasures in the work itself, if we nevertheless are delightedand attracted to games, why are you amazed at the ignorant masses?’’

Back 11

Cicero's Pro Murena

Front 12

*“Here I am, surrounded by all kinds of noise (my lodgings overlook a Bath). Conjure up in your imagination all the sounds that make one hate one's ears. Ihear the grunts of musclemen exercising and jerking those heavy weights around;they are working hard, or pretending to. I hear their sharp hissing when theyrelease their pent breath. If there happens to be a lazy fellow content with asimple massage I hear the slap of hand on shoulder; you can tell whether it's hitting a flat or a hollow. If a ball-player comes up and starts calling outhis score, I'm done for. Add to this the racket of a cocky ba*tard, a thiefcaught in the act, and a fellow who likes the sound of his own voice in thebath, plus those who plunge into the pool with a huge splash of water. Besidesthose who just have loud voices, imagine the skinny armpit-hair plucker whose cries are shrill so as to draw people's attention and never stop exceptwhen he's doing his job and making someone else shriek for him.”*

Back 12

Sencea's Letter to Lucius

Front 13

“The large halterestrainthe shoulders and hands of jumpers, and the circular ones train thefingers. The jumping weights should betaken up by those that practice lightand heavy formsoftraining, excepting in recreational exercise (taking a break). “

Back 13

Philostratus' Gymnasticus

Front 14

“Antiphanesdescribes the game thus: ‘He seized the ball and passed it with a laugh to one,while the other player he dodged; from one he pushed it out of the way, whilehe raised another player to his feet amid resounding shouts of ‘out of bounds’‘too far’ ‘right beside him’ ‘over his head’ ‘on the ground’ ‘up in the air’‘too short’ ‘pass it back in the crowd’”

Back 14

description of harpastum

Front 15

*“Sparta, we are amazed at the rules of your wrestling schools, and particularly at the young women athletes: for your girls, there is no shame in working out, naked among the menwrestling…..The Roman Woman, on the other hand, goes around in a huge crowd–you can’t get anywhere near her, can’t find out what she’s really like or finda way to talk to her. Rome, if you would adopt the rules of wrestling from Sparta, you would be even dearer to me.”*

Back 15

Propertius' Elegy

Front 16

*“Who doesn’t know about the purple athlete’s cloaks, and the ladies’ wrestling ointment? Who hasn’t seen the wounds on the palus,which they’ve gouged with the rudis and beaten with the shield?...What decency can a woman show wearing a helmet,when she leaves her own sex behind? She wants to be strong like a man, but doesnot want to turn into a man: after all, we men have such little pleasure.”*

Back 16

Juvenal's Satire 6

Front 17

“If you exercise, the body is worn away. If you do not exercise, it is overcome by rust.”

Back 17

Marcus Cato

Front 18

“As long as Romans continued to farm, there were two benefits: by cultivation they made andkepttheirlandsmost productive, while they themselves enjoyed a lustier health, and might dispense with the town gymnasia of the Greeks.”

Back 18

Varro's On Farming

Front 19

“Everyone speaks in favour of the healthiest body, as also of the most ‘well-conditioned’”…..“The well conditioned’ is the healthiest arrangement, and the goal of all men.”

Back 19

Galen's The Best Constitution of Our Bodies

Front 20

*“For it is silly, my dear Lucilius, and no way for an educated man to behave, to spend one’s time exercising thebiceps, broadening the neck and shoulders and developing the lungs. Even whenthe extra feeding has produced gratifying results and you’ve put on a lot ofmuscle, you’ll never match the strength of the weight of a prizedbull. Moreover, the more weight you put on, the more constricted and sluggish your mind becomes. You ought therefore to reduce your body and give more playto your mind.”*

Back 20

Seneca criticizes exercise

Front 21

*“There are numerous disadvantages to being an athlete. There is first of all thelaborious training, which exhausts a man’s vitality and disqualifies him fromconcentration and serious study. Then there is the sheer size of a training meal, enough to deprive a mind of its agility. There are the slave-coaches,dreadful men who behave like tyrants. … A perfect day for them is one in whichthey have had a really good sweat and, to make good the loss, take a good swigof liquor, which will sink the deeper if they have had nothing to eat. Drinkingand sweating- this is the life to which those people are condemned.”*

Back 21

Seneca criticizes exercise cont'd

Front 22

*"You should pray for a healthy mind in a healthy body. Askfora stout heart that has no fear of death, anddeemslength of days the least of Nature's gifts thatcanendure any kind of toil, that knows neither wrath nor desire andthinks thewoesand hard labors of Hercules better than thelovesand banquets and downy cushions of Sardanapalus. What I commend to you, you can give toyourself; For assuredly,the only road to a life of peace is virtue (virtus)."*

Back 22

Juvenal's Satire 10

Mens Sana in Corpore Sano

Front 23

*“It was dedicated by Marcus Agrippa in front of his Baths. [The emperor]Tiberius, so much admired this statue [...] andremoved the Apoxyomenosto his bedroom, substituting a copy. But the people of Rome were so indignant about this that they staged a protest in the theater, shouting "Bring backthe Apoxyomenos!"And so despite his passion for it, Tiberius was obliged to replace the originalstatue.”*

Back 23

Pliny the Elder

Front 24

*"Where now the Sun's Colossus has its closer view of the stars And towering scaffolds loom above the street,The hated entrance halls of that wild king once gleamed And a single dwelling stood in allthe city.Where now the venerable mass of the Amphitheater rises High above Rome, the pond of Nerospread.Where now we gaze in wonder on thesudden Baths of Titus,A haughty estate deprived thepeople of homes.Where now the Claudian colonnadeunfolds its spreading shadeThe furthest part of the palacecame to an end.Rome has been restored to Rome,Titus, with you as her defender,And pleasures grabbed by a tyrantreturn to the people. "*

Back 24

Martial's On Spectacles 2

Front 25

who is this?

Back 25

Caracalla

Front 26

what is the signficance of this image?

Back 26

Geta's face is scratched out (Caracalla tried to destroy memory of his brother)

Front 27

Caracalla “now had but one eye and one hand, and that those whom he had taught to take up arms for one another had now taken them up againstone another.”

Back 27

Philostratus' Lives of the Sophists

Front 28

Caracalla now inhabits a “house,which he himself destroyed and acted as though the gods of his household did not exist.”

Back 28

Philostratus' Letter 72

Front 29

what is this?

Back 29

Farnese Heracles (Heracles at Rest)

2 copies @ baths of Caracalla

Front 30

“Captive Greece captured, in turn, her uncivilised Conquerors,….. and brought the arts to rustic Latium”

Back 30

Horace's Epistles

Front 31

“As soon as Greece ceased fighting, she started fooling, And when better times had come, lapsed into error,One moment hot with enthusiasm for athletes, Then horses, mad for workers in ivory, marble, bronze: Mind and vision enraptured by painted panels, Crazy now for flute-players, now for tragic actors: Like a girl-child playing at her nurse’s feet, Quickly leaving when sated what she’s loudly craved.”

Back 31

Horace's Epistles

Front 32

*“The Romans used to be very suspicious of anointing, and they believed that nothing has been responsible for the slavery and softness of the Greeks as the gymnasia and palaestra, which give rise to a great deal of leisure and idleness, mischief, and pederasty, and the ruin of young men’s bodies by sleeping,strolling about, performing rhythmic exercises, and following strict diets.Influenced by these things, they have unconsciously left behind their weapons and prefer to be called not good warriors and knights, but rather nimble and beautiful athletes.”*

Back 32

Plutarch's Roman Questions

Front 33

“This wasin the 175th Olympiad according to the Greek calendar, but there were noOlympic games then except races in the stadium, since Sulla had carried awaythe athletes and all the sights and shows to Rome to celebrate his victories inthe Mithridatic and Italian wars, under the pretext that the masses needed abreathing-spell and recreation after their toils.”

Back 33

Appian's Bella Civile

Front 34

“Nerowas thefirst who instituted, in imitation of the Greeks, a trialof skill in the three several exercises of music, wrestling, and horse-racing,to be performedat Rome every 5 years, and which he called the Neroneia.”

Back 34

Suetonious' Nero

Front 35

*“As it was, the morality of their fathers, which had by degrees been forgotten, was utterly subverted by the introduction of a lax tone, so that all which could suffer or produce corruption was to be seen at Rome, and a degeneracy bred byforeign tastes was infecting the youth who devoted themselves to athleticsports, to idle loungings and low intrigues, with the encouragement of the emperor and Senate, who not only granted license to vice, but even applied a compulsion to drive Roman nobles into disgracing themselves on the stage, under the pretense of being orators and poets. What remained for them but to strip themselves naked,put on the boxing-glove, and practice such battles instead of the arms of legitimate warfare?”*

Back 35

Tacitus' Annales (on Nero's Hellenizing influence)

Front 36

"Epeiusboasts-Anybody want the cup as his prize?Because no Greek alive is going tobeat me in boxing and lead away this mule.I’mthe best there is. Isn’t it enough I come up short in war? A man can’t be goodat everything. But let me tell you this, and it’s asure thing: Anybody fights me,I’ll bust him wide open and crushhis bones.Better have his next of kinstanding byTo carry him out when I’m throughwith him."

Back 36

Homer's Iliad

Front 37

“Geta showed some some sign ofgoodness by acting with moderationand mildness to those who approached him. He also had more serious interests,including in his circle distinguished men of learning and devoting hisenthusiasm to wrestlingschool and athletic activities of free citizens.”

Back 37

Herodotus' Herodian

Front 38

“Antoninus (Caracalla) was always aman of grim and violent action who had absolutely nothing to do with theseactivities mentioned above and made himself out to be an enthusiast for asoldier’s life of war. A man of violent temper in all he did, he made hisfriends by threats and intimidation rather than persuasion and favour.”

Back 38

Herodian

Front 39

“But then straight away there begana general slaughter of Geta’s household and friends and members of his palacestaff….Not a person survived who was even casually associated with Geta.Athletes and charioteers and performers of all the arts and dancing– everythingthat Geta enjoyed watch or listening to- were destroyed.”

Back 39

Herodian

Front 40

“Severus trained Caracalla in allthe pursuits that tended to excellence (arete), whether of body or of mind, sothat even after he became emperor he went to teachers and studied philsophymost of the day. He used to be rubbed dry with oil, and would ride horseback asmuch as 100 miles per day, and he had practiced swimming even in rough water.In consequence of these pursuits he was vigorous enough in a fashion, but heforgot his intellectual training as completely as if he had never heard such athing.”

Back 40

Cassius Dio

Front 41

“Now Iwant to know what is the good of it all. To me it looks more like madness morethan anythingelse. It will not be very easy toconvince me that people who behave like this are not wrong in their heads.”

Back 41

Anacharsis (to Solon)

Front 42

“It is quite natural it should strikeyou that way, being so novel, andso utterly contrary to Scythian customs. Similarly you have no doubt manymethods and habits that would seem extraordinary enough to us Greeks, ifwewere spectators of them as you now are of ours.”

Back 42

Solon (in his response to Anacharsis)

Front 43

“Whena man's father dies, all the near relatives bring sheep to the house; which aresacrificed, and their flesh cut in pieces, while at the same time the dead bodyundergoes the like treatment. The two sorts of flesh are afterwards mixedtogether, and the whole is served up at a banquet. The head of the dead man istreated differently: it is stripped bare, cleansed, and set in gold. It thenbecomes an ornament on which they pride themselves, and is brought out year byyear at the great festival which sons keep in honourof their fathers' death.”

Back 43

Herodotus

Front 44

“AtOlympiaa wreath of wild olive, at the Isthmus one of pine,at Nemea of parsley, at Pytho some of the God's sacred apples,and at our Panathenaeaoil pressed from the temple olives. What are you laughing at, Anacharsis?Are the prizes too small?”

Back 44

Solon

Front 45

“Oh dearno; your prize-list is most imposing; the givers may well plume themselves ontheir munificence, and the competitors be monstrous keen on winning. Who wouldnot go through this amount of preparatory toil, and take his chance of achoking or a dislocation, for apples or parsley? It is obviously impossible forany one who has a fancy to a supply of apples, or a wreath of parsley or pine,to get them without a mud plaster on his face, or a kick in the stomach fromhis competitor.”

Back 45

Anacharsis

Front 46

“Mydearsir, it is not the things’ intrinsic value that we look at. They are thesymbols of victory, labels of the winners; it is the reputation(doxa) attaching tothem that is worth any price to their holders; that is why the man whose quest forfame (eukleia)leads throughtoil(ponos) iscontent to take his kicks. No pain, no fame; he whocovets famemust startwith enduring hardship; when he has done that, he may begin to look for thepleasure and profit his labours areto bring.”

Back 46

Solon

Front 47

"Anddo you mean to say such a number can be found to toil for a remote uncertaintyof success, knowing that the winner cannot be more than one, and the failuresmust be many, with their bruises, or their wounds very likely, for sole reward?"

Back 47

Anarchasis

Front 48

“Soyou wish to conquer in the Olympic Games, my friend? And I, too... But firstmark the conditions and the consequences. You will have to put yourself underdiscipline; to eat by rule, to avoid cakes and sweetmeats; to take exercise atthe appointed hour whether you like it or not, in cold and heat; to abstainfrom cold drinks and wine at your will. Then, in the conflict itself you arelikely enough to dislocate your wrist or twist your ankle, to swallow a greatdeal of dust, to be severely thrashed, and after all of these things, to bedefeated.”

Back 48

Epictetus

Front 49

"Our viewis not bounded by the contests, and directed to their carrying off prizesthere--of course only a small proportion of them ever reach that point; no; theindirect benefit that we secure for their city and themselves is of moreimportance. There is another contest in which all good citizens get prizes, andits wreaths are not of pine or wild olive or parsley, but of complete human happiness (eudaimonia),includingindividual freedom and political independence, wealth and repute, enjoyment ofour ancient ritual, security of our dear ones, and all the choicest boons a manmight ask of Heaven. It is of these materials that the wreath I tell you of iswoven; and they are provided by that contest for which this training and thesetoils are the preparation."

Back 49

Solon

Front 50

"But Theseus had long since beensecretly fired by the glory of Hercules, held him in the highest estimation,and was never more satisfied than in listening to any that gave an account ofhim; especially those that had seen him or had been present at any action orsaying of his. Theseus entertained such admiration for the virtue of Hercules,that in the night his dreams were all of that hero's actions, and in the day acontinual emulation stirred him up to perform the like."

Back 50

Plutarch's Life of Theseus

Front 51

which type of gladiator is this?

describe the attire

Back 51

provocator (= challenger)

attire:

- non-brimmed helmet

- breastplate

Front 52

only type of gladiator to wear a breastplate?

Back 52

Provocator

Front 53

which type of gladiator is this?

why is it unique?

Back 53

Thraex (Thracian)

only ethnic type of gladiator in Imperial period

Equipment:

- curved sword (sica)

- small oblong shield

- brimmed helmet w/ griffin on top

Front 54

what type of gladiator?

Back 54

hoplomachos

manica (arm guard) on right arm

small, circular shield

dagger and spear

Front 55

what type of gladiator?

Back 55

murmillo

Front 56

parmalarii vs scutarii

Back 56

fan-based fighting --> parmalarii cheered for small shields (underdogs); scutarii cheered for big shields

Front 57

what type of gladiator

Back 57

retiarius (armed with net and fuscina aka trident)

had galerus (shoulder guard)

Front 58

what type of gladiator

Back 58

secutor (aka pursuer aka contraretiarius)

helmet with 2 small eyeholes

Front 59

most popular gladiator pairing?

Back 59

secutor vs retiarius

Front 60

Back 60

famous painting by jean-leon gerome

"pollice verso" (thumbs down)

fighter giving the missio but audience has thumbs down

Front 61

how did commodus die?

Back 61

senate, praetorian prefect, and mistress tried to poison him during a "mock death"

doesn't kill him --> personal trainer strangles commodus in bath

Front 62

what does otium mean?

Back 62

leisure/free time/retirement

emphasis is on otium rather than negotium/work (as in modern day)

goal of roman citizen: otium cum dignitate (leisure w/ dignity)

Front 63

what is this?

Back 63

"Baubo" rock from Olympia ("Baubo lifted me over his head with one hand)

weighed 143 kg

Front 64

what is harpastum?

Back 64

small ball game --> ancient Roman rugby

Front 65

what is trigon?

Back 65

roman ball game with three players (each with scorer and ball boy)

counted # of missed catches; winner had least # of points

Front 66

Back 66

relief of female gladiators (gladiatrix): Achillea and Amazonia

Front 67

Back 67

"Bikini Girls" Mosaic (Sicily)

Front 68

how many balneas in 1st century BCE?

how many by the end of Roman Empire?

primary fxn?

Back 68

170, 1000 hygiene

Front 69

who gave the first hot-water swimming pool to Romans?

first Roman bath?

Back 69

Gaius Maecenas, patron of the arts

Front 70

What is this?

Back 70

Hypocaust

Front 71

What is this?

Back 71

Hypocaust (heating system)

Front 72

when was the first roman aqueduct built?

what was it called?

who was it built by?

Back 72

19 BCE

Aqua Virgo (supplied water for Baths of Agrippa

Agrippa

Front 73

when did Agrippa die?

Back 73

12 BCE

Front 74

Back 74

Apoxyomenos of Lysippos (greek Bronze sculpture made around 330 BCE)

Front 75

when were the baths of Titus built?

who was it built by?

Back 75

81 CE

Emperor Titus, son of Vespasian

Front 76

what is this?

when was it built?

Back 76

Baths of Trajan

104-109 CE

largest baths in Rome at the time

Front 77

who is this?

Back 77

bust of Geta

Front 78

when were the Baths of Caracalla built?

Back 78

211-217 CE

Front 79

Back 79

mosaic of victorious roman athletes at baths of Caracalla (people look realistic rather than super ripped Greeks)

Front 80

which Roman copies of Greek sculptures were in the Frigidarium at Baths of Caracalla?

Back 80

Myron's Discobolus

Polycleitus' Doryphorus

Polycleirus' Heracles

Heracles Torso

Front 81

Back 81

Myron's Discobolus

Polycleitus' Doryphorus

Polycleirus' Heracles

Heracles Torso

@ Frigidarium

Front 82

Back 82

coin from Perinthos, depicting Caracalla receiving the apples of Hesperides from Heracles

Front 83

what were the first Greek games in Rome?

Back 83

Sulla's Olympics

Front 84

When did Neroneia begin?

How many Neroneias were there?

Back 84

60 CE

2 (the other one took place in 65 CE)

Front 85

When did the Capitoline Games begin?

who did it honor?

describe the structure

how frequent did the games occur?

Back 85

- 86 CE by Emperor Domitian

- honored capitoline Jupiter

- imitated Neroneia (i.e. tripartite structure: Gymnic, Equestrian, and Musical events)

- occurred every 4 years

- included footraces for women

Front 86

*“The stipendappointed for the victor in theIselastic games ought not, I think, to commence till he makes his triumphantentry into his city. Nor are the prizes, at those combats which I thoughtproper to make Iselastic, to be extended backwards to those who were victorsbefore that alteration took place”*

Back 86

Emperor Trajan to Pliny the Younger

Front 87

what were the four types of games in the Greek East?

Back 87

1. Stephanitic/Crown

2. Iselastic

3. Ecumenical/Iso-Games

4. Private games

Front 88

name the 7 Crown Games

Back 88

1. Captioline

2. Actian

3. Sebastan

4. Olympic

5. Pythian

6. Nemean

7. Isthmian