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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
who is this?
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Philip II of Macedon |
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*"For it was neither every kind of fame nor fame from every source that he courted, as Philip did, who plumed himself like a sophist on the power of his oratory, and took care to have the victories of his chariots at Olympia engraved uponhis coins; nay, when those about him inquired whether he would be willing tocontend in the foot-race at the Olympic games, since he was swift of foot, ‘Yes,’ said he, ‘if I could have kings as my competitors.’"* |
Plutarch, Life of Alexander |
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"Then, going up to Ilium(Troy), he sacrificed to Athena and poured libations to the heroes. Furthermore, thegravestone of Achilles he anointed with oil, ran a race by it with hiscompanions, naked, as is the custom, and then crowned it with garlands, pronouncing the hero happy in havingafaithfulfriendwhile he lived, and after death, a great herald of his fame" |
Plutarch, Life of Alexander (Alexander emulated Achilles) |
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Philippeion = #3 Pelopeion = #5 notice the proximity (side note: #4 = temple of hera/heraion) |
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Philippeion |
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Painting for tomb of Philip II It is a reconstruction of the reliefs portraying royal lion hunts (found in Assyria) |
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"Alexander would engage in Lion Huntsduring campaigns as a demonstration of his bravery. Krateros’dedication at Delphi presented Bronze images of Alexander’s Lion hunt with Krateros" |
Plutarch's Life of Alexander |
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what is this? when did the event happen? |
coin depicting Alexander the Great as Heracles Olympic Festival of 324 BC |
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what is this? |
commemorative coin in honor of Philp II's Keles victory (408 BC) |
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commemorative coin in honor of Philip II's Tethtrippon victory (352, 348 BC) |
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what is this? what does it depict? when does it date back to? |
Francois vase in an Etruscan tomb (found in Chiusi, Italy Funeral games of Patroclus (notice Greek influence on early Roman sport) 570/560 BC |
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what is this? where is it located? |
Tomb of the Augurs (b/c men thought to be interpreting bird signs as form of divination) located in Tarquinia (side note: paintings also seem to depict funeral games) |
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where is this painting found? |
Tomb of the Augurs (notice: athletes are naked whereas other performers are not --> Greek influence) |
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where is this painting found? What is it called? |
Tomb of the Augurs Games of Phersu (know how it relates to a theory of origin of gladiatorial combat) |
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where is this painting found? |
Tomb of the Augurs |
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where is this painting found? what does it depict? |
Tomb of the Monkey (in Chiusi) Javelin throwers and boxers |
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where is this painting found? what does it depict? |
Tomb of the Monkey horse-racing, wrestling, trainer/judge |
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what does it depict? |
Perizoma (= loin cloths) group greek vases with naked athletes, with perizomas painted on (most likely for export to Etrusia) |
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what is this? |
vase with Perizoma group |
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"Then, so his large city would notbe empty, using an old plan employed by the founders of cities, who gatherabout themselves a mass of obscure and humble people, pretending that the earthhad raised up sons to them, Romulus opened the sanctuary in the place that isnow enclosed by two groves as you go up the Capitoline hill. To that place camea crowd from neighboring states, both slave and free, eager for a fresh start,and that was the first advance in power towards greatness. When he was not nowashamed of his strength, Romulus added policy to power. He appointed onehundred “fathers” [the senate], whether because that was a sufficient numerber,or because that was the total number whom he could call “fathers”" |
Livy, source not given Written about Roman monarchy ruled by Romulus (who founded Rome by killing his brother, Remus) |
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"And Romulusaccomplished all this very quickly; for after founding the city, which by hiscommand was called Rome after his own name, in order to strengthen the newcommonwealth he adopted a plan which, though original and somewhat savage incharacter, yet for securing the prosperity ofhis kingdom and people revealed a great man who even then saw far into thefuture." |
Cicero's Republic |
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"For whenSabine maidens of honourablelineage had come to Rome on the occasion of the Consualia(harvestfestival) towitness the games [ludi]whoseannual celebration in the circus he had just instituted, he ordered theirseizure and married them to young men of the most prominent families. When the Sabines,thus provoked, made war on the Romans, and the fortunes of the conflict werevarious and its issue doubtful, Romulus made a treaty with Titus Tatius,the Sabine king, the stolen women themselves petitioning that this be done. Bythis treaty he not only added the Sabinesto the body of Roman citizens, giving them participation in the religious ritesof the State, but also made their king a partner in his royal power." |
Cicero's Republic On the influence of Sabine women |
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*"FirstTarquiniuswaged war on the Latins and captured the town of Apiolae.Because he brought back more plunder than expected from what seemed like asmall war, he put on more extravagant ludi thanprevious kings had done. It was then that the place now called the CircusMaximus was marked out. There were separate sections of seats for senators andknights to watch from, with benches on supports as much as 12 feet from theground. There were horse races and boxers brought in from Etruria. These gamesare still held annually, and called the LudiRomani or the Great Ludi."* |
Livy's The History of Rome On the origins of the Great Ludi (Roman games)/Ludi Romani/Ludi Circensis (chariot races) |
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*"“But now the procession iscoming—keep silence all, and attend! The time for applause is here—the goldenprocession is coming. First in the train is Victory,borne with wings outspread—come hither, goddess, and help my love to win!Applaud Neptune(Poseidon), you who trust toomuch in the wave!I willhave nothing to do with the sea; I choose that the land keep me.Applaud thy Mars, O soldier! Arms I detest; peace is my delight, and love thatis found in the midst of peace. And Phoebus Apollo—lethim be gracious to augurs, and Phoebe gracious to huntsmen! Minerva(Athena), turnin applause to thee the craftsman’s hands! You countrydwellers, rise to Ceres (Demeter) and tenderBacchus(Dionysos)!Letthe boxer court Pollux, the horseman Castor! Butwe applaudthee, mildVenus (Aphrodite) and thy children potent with the bow…."* |
Ovid's Amores Addressing the audience of the games |
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"Monopolization,and especially the monopolization of physical force and violence warrantedmoreself-restraint from both the government and the individual." |
Norbert Elias' The Civilizing Process quote is saying that as society gets more and more civilized, they make an effort to become less and less violent |
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“Whathas made the world so much safer is war itself…beginning about ten thousandyears ago in some parts of the world, then spreading across the planet, thewinners of wars incorporated the losers into larger societies. The only way tomake these larger societies work was for their rulers to develop strongergovernments, and one of the first things these governments had to do, if theywanted to stay in power, was suppress violence within the society” |
Ian Morris' War (? uncertain what the title is) author argues that war is a vital part of the civilizng process |
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“…governmentshavemade us safer and war is pretty much the only way we have discovered to makegovernments, we have to conclude that war really has been good for something” |
Ian Morris |
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“aswell as making people safer, I will suggest, the larger societiescreatedby war have also—again, over the long run—made us richer." |
Ian Morris |
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what is this? |
fasces (an axe) that attendants carried in front of triumphator's chariot during a triumph |
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*“But eventhose who have triumphs, and who on that account keep the generals of the enemyalive a longer time, in order that, while they are led in triumph, the Romanpeople may enjoy an ennobling spectacle, and a splendid fruit of victory;nevertheless, when they begin to turn their chariot from the forum towards theCapitol, order them to be taken back to prison, and the same day brings to theconquerors the end of their authority, and to the conquered the end of theirlives.”* |
Cicero (source not given... probably the Republic?) |
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What are the 5 requirements needed to be awarded a triumph? |
1. have to be a magistrate 2. have to defeat enemy in a "just" war against a foreign enemy (sanctioned by senate, approved by people, and mandatory to survival of empire 3. have to kill 5000+ people 4. have to return with massive amounts of trophies and prisoners 5. war had to have been entirely complete, enabling soldiers to return for celebration |
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when was the first venatio (pl. vanationes) in Rome? |
186 BC |
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*“For intime long past, in accordance with the belief that the souls of the-dead arepropitiated by human blood, they used to purchase captives or slaves ofinferior ability and to sacrifice them at funerals.Afterwards, they preferred todisguise this ungodly usage by making it a pleasure. So, after the persons thusprocured had been trained--for the sole purpose of learning how to be killed!--in the use of such arms as they then had and as best as they could wield, theythen exposed them to death at the tombs on the day appointed for sacrifices inhonor of the dead. Thus they found consolation for death in murder.”* |
Tertulian's On Spectacles |
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*“So the Romans made us of the spendidarmor of their enemies to do honor to the gods; whilethe Campanans,in consequence of their pride and hatred of the Samnites,equipped after this fashion the gladiators who furnished them entertainment attheir feasts, and bestowed on them the name of Samnites.”* |
Livy (source not given) |
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When was the first gladiatorial fight? |
264 BC |
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*“They ordered that armor andweapons should be made ready, and took down temples and porticoes of ancientspoils of enemies. The levy wore a strange appearance, for owing to the sacarcityof free men and the need of the hour, they bought, with money from the treasury8,000 young and stalwart slaves andarmed them, but asked them first if they were willing to serve. They preferredthe slaves for soldiers, though they might have redeemed the prisoners of warat less expense.”* |
Livy |
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When was the Battle of Cannae? What happened? |
216 BC Hannibal defeated Rome and Romans responded by arming 8000 slaves |
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How many gladiators performed in 216? 200? 183? |
22, 25, 60 respectively |
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what is this? |
coin commemorating Sulla's victory (Called himself "Fortunate" = Felix) |
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who is this? who's the author of the scultpure |
Spartacus Foyatier (1830) |
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*"The insurrection of the gladiatorsand their devastation of Italy, which is generally called the war of Spartacus, hadits origin as follows. A certain LentulusBatiatushad a school of gladiators at Capua, most of whom were Gaulsand Thracians. Throughno misconduct of theirs, but owing to the injustice of their owner,they were kept in close confinement and reserved for gladiatorial combats.Two hundred of these planned tomake their escape, and when information was laid against them, those who gotwind of it and succeeded in getting away, seventy-eight in number, seizedcleavers and spits from some kitchen and sallied out. On the road they fell inwith wagonsconveyinggladiators' weapons to another city; these they plundered and armed themselves.Then they took up a strong position and electedthree leaders. The first of these was Spartacus, aThracian of Nomadic stock, possessed not only of great courage and strength,but also in sagacity and culture superior to his fortune, and more Hellenic than Thracian." |
Plutarch's Life of Crassus |
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*“Spartacusemergesas the most capital fellow in the whole history of antiquity. A great general[...], of noble character, a ‘real representative’ of the proletariat ofancient times. Pompey a real sh*t [...]”* |
Karl Marx |
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*“The whole world belongs to Rome so Romemust be destroyed and made only a bad memory, and then where Rome was, we willbuild a new life where all men will live in peace and brotherhood and love, noslaves and no slave masters, no gladiators and no areas, but a time like theold times, like the golden age. We will build new cities of brotherhood, andthere will be no walls around them.”* |
Howard Fast's Spartacus |
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who is this? |
Pompey |
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*“Thelast day was that of the elephants, and on that day the mob and crowd wasgreatly impressed, but manifested no pleasure. Indeed, the result was a certaincompassion (misericordia)and a kind of feeling that the huge beast has a fellowship with the humanrace.”* |
Cicero's Letter to Marcus Marius (Cicero was a politician at that time) |
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*"ButPompey's elephants, when they had lost all hope of escape, tried to gain thecompassion of the crowd by indescribable gestures of entreaty, deploring theirfate with a sort of wailing, so much to the distress of the public that theyforgot the general and his munificence carefully devised for their honor, andbursting into tears rose in a body and invoked curses on the head of Pompey forwhich he soon afterwards paid the penalty.”* |
Pliny's Natural Histories |
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when does Caesar cross the Rubicon? |
49 BC |
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When was Caesar assassinated? |
March 15, 44 BC |
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who is this |
Augustus |
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"Seeking to die honorably,She had no coward’s fear of thesword, Nor did her swift fleet make forhidden shores. Her face serene, she dared tobehold her helplesspalace,brave enough to clutch deadly snakesSo she should take the black poisoninto her body. All the more fierce– she plannedher own death—She deprived Caesar’s swift Liburnianships of her being led in his proud triumph like a meek woman." |
Horace's Odes |
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who is this? |
Cleopatra, wife of Marc Antony |
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“In thenumber, variety, and magnificence of his public spectacles, he surpassed allformer example. Four and-twenty times, he says, he treated the people withgames upon his own account, and three-and-twenty times for such magistrates aswere either absent, or not able to afford the expense.” |
Suetonius' Divine Augustus |
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“He entertainedthe people with wrestlers in the Campus Martius,where woodenseats were erected for the purpose; and also with a naval fight, for which heexcavated the ground near the Tiber, wherethere is now the grove of the Caesars. Duringthese two entertainments he stationed guards in the city lest, by robberstaking advantage of the small number of people left at home, it might beexposed to depredations. In the circus he exhibitedchariot and foot races, and combats with wild beasts, in which the performerswere often youths of the highest rank.” |
Suetonius' Divine Augustus |
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*“Augustus corrected theconfusion and disorder with which the spectators took their seats at the publicgames, after an affront which was offered to a senator at Puteoli,forwhom, in a crowded theatre, no one would make room. He therefore procured adecree of the senate, that in all public spectacles of any sort, and in anyplace whatever, the first tier of benches should be left empty for theaccommodation of senators. He would not even permit the ambassadors of freenations, nor of those which were allies of Rome, tosit in the orchestra; having found that some freedslaves hadbeen sent under that character.”* |
Suetonius' Divine Augustus |
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*“He separated the soldiery from therest of the people, and assigned to married plebeians their particular rows ofseats. To the boys he assigned their own benches, and to their tutors the seatswhich were nearest it; ….. none clothed in black should sit in the centreof the circle.Nor would he allow any women towitness the combats of the gladiators, except from the upper part of thetheatre, although they formerly used to take their places promiscuously withthe rest of the spectators.”* |
Suetonius' Divine Augustus |
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“Now turn your eyes this way And behold these people, your ownRoman people. Here is Caesar and all the line of IulusSoon to venture under the sky’sgreat arch. Here is the man, he’s here! Timeand againYou’ve heard his coming promised–Caesar Augustus!Son of a god, he will bring backthe Age of GoldTo the Latianfields where Saturn once held sway, Expand his empire past the Garamantsand the IndiansTo a land beyond the stars, beyondthe wheel of the year, The course of the sun itself, whereAtlas bears the skies and turns on his shoulder the heavens studded withflaming stars.” |
Virgil's Aeneid, Book 6 (Underworld) |
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*“So come, all of us celebrate ourhappy rites!…I shall hold games for all ourTrojans.First a race for our swift ships,then for our fastest man afoot, And then our best and boldest canstep up to win the javelin-throw or wing the wind swift arrow or dare to fightwith bloody rawhide gloves (boxing). Come all! See who takes the victory prize,the palm.”* |
Virgil's Aeneid, Book 5 |
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*“watch the long column, split intothree equal squads, Splits into rows of six, in bandsdancing away, Then recalled at the next commandthey whelledand charged each other, lances tense for attack, Wheeling charge into countercharge,return and turn Through the whole arena, enemiescircling, swerving back in their armor, acting out a mock display of war.”* |
Virgil's Aeneid, Book 5 (about Trojan Games?) |
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*“This tradition of drill and thesemock battles: Ascaniuswas the first to revive the Rite When he girded Alba Longa roundwith ramparts, Teaching the early Latinsto keep these rites, Just as he and his fellow Trojanboys had done, And the Albans taught their sons,and in her turnGreat Rome received the rites andpreserved our fathers’ fame. The boys are now called Trojans,their troupe the Trojan Corps.”* |
Virgil's Aeneid, Book 5(about Trojan Games?) |
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when was Caesar deified? |
42 BC |
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When was the Battle of Actium (Octavius vs. Antony) |
31 BC |
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When does Octavius gains title Augustus? |
27 BC |
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“From thestudy of this history we may also learn how a good government is to beestablished; for while all the emperors who succeeded to the throne by birth,except Tituswere bad,all were good who succeeded by adoption, as in the case of the five from Nervato Marcus. But as soon as the empire fell once more to the heirs by birth, itsruin recommenced.” |
Machiavelli's The Five Good Emperors |
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*“Now thatno one buys our votes, the public has long since cast off its cares; thepeople that once bestowed commands, consulships, legions and all else, nowmeddles no more and longs eagerly for just two things----Bread and Games!”* |
Juvenal |
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*“The Emperor Trajan knew that theRoman people are held in control principally by two things– free grain andshows– that political support depends as much on the entertainments as onmatters of serious import, that…neglect of the entertainments brings damningunpopularity, that gifts are less eagerly and ardently longed for than shows,and finally, that gifts placate only the common people on the grain dole,singly and individually, but shows placate everyone.”* |
Marcus Cornelius Fronto |
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“Emperors were to be crediblefathers of the country, strong military leaders, rulers of the world, andworthy candidates for deification and veneration in the emperor cult.” |
Kyle's Sport and Spectacle |
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*"At a gladiatorial munus,when the sun was blazing and the awnings had been put out, he would sometimesinsist that they be taken off, and forbid anyone to leave. He would exhibit thecheapest, second-rate beasts and gladiators grown old and sick. He would makemen with physical disabilities fight, even if they were respectable, freecitizens. And sometimes he would close the granaries and announce that thepeople would starve."* |
Suetonius' Caligula |
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*"He was so extravagantly fond of theparty of charioteers whose colourswere green, that he ateand lodgedfor some time constantly in the stable where their horses were kept. At acertain revel, he made a present of two million sesterces to one Cythicus,a driver of a chariot. The day before the Circensiangames, he used to send his soldiers to enjoin silence in the neighbourhood,that the repose of his horse Incitatus,might not be disturbed. For this favouriteanimal, inaddition to giving a marble stable, an ivory manger, purplehousings, and a jewelledfrontlet, he appointed a house, with a retinue of slaves, and fine furniture,for the reception of those who were invitedin the horse's name to eat with him.It is even said that he intended to make his horse consul."* |
Suetonius' Caligula |
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*“That nomemory or the least monument might remain of any other victor in the sacredGrecian games, he ordered all their statues and pictures to be pulled down,dragged away with hooks, and thrown into the common sewers. He drove thechariot with various numbers of horses, and at the Olympic games with no fewerthan ten; though, in a poem of his, he had reflected upon Mithridatesfor that innovation. Being thrown out of his chariot, he was again replaced,but could not retain his seat, and was obliged to give it up, before he reachedthe goal, but was crowned notwithstanding.”* |
Suetonius' Nero |
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What is this? |
House of Nero at Olympia (temporary residence for participation in the games) |
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*“But aboveall he was carried away by a craze for popularity andhe was jealous of all who in any way stirred the feeling of the mob. It was thegeneral belief that after his victories on the stage he would at the nextlustrum [i.e., Olympic Games] have competed with the athletes at Olympia; forhe practiced wrestling constantly, and all over Greece he had always viewed thegymnastic contests after the fashion of the judges, sitting on the ground inthe stadium; and if any pair of contestants withdrew too far from theirpositions, he would force them forward with his own hand. since he wasacclaimed the equal of Apollo in music and of the sun in drivingachariot, he had planned to emulate the exploits of Hercules as well; and theysay that a lion had been specially trained for him to kill naked in the arenaof the amphitheatrefor all the people, with a club or by the clasp of his arms.”* |
Suetonius' Nero |
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*“Now the enemy, pursuing yourecklessly…comes boldly across the course to ram your wheel. His horsescrumple. The shameless mob of their legs goes in the wheels and breaks thespokes one after another, until the center of the wheel is full of cracking soundsand the rim stops the flyting feet. He himself falls from the collapsingchariot, making a massive mountain of ruin, and staining his fallen face withblood.”* |
Apollonaris Sidonius talking about the violence of the Circus Games |
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*“Let Victoryin sadness break her Idumaean palms; OFavour,strike your bare breast with unsparing hand. Let Honourchange her garb for that of mourning; and make your crowned locks, Odisconsolate Glory, an offering to the cruel flames. Oh! sad misfortune! thatyou, Scorpus,should be cut off in the flower of your youth, and be called so prematurely toharness the dusky steeds of Pluto. The chariot-race was always shortened byyour rapid driving; but O why should your own race have been so speedily run?”* |
Martial's Epigrams |
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*"O Rome, I am Scorpus,the glory of your noisy circus, the object of your applause, your short-lived favourite.The envious Lachesis,when she cut me off in my twenty-seventh year, accounted me, in judging by thenumber of my victories, to be an old man.”* |
Martial's Epigrams |
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“Grand totals:He drove chariots for 24 years, ran 4,257 starts and won 1,462 victories, 110in opening races. In single entry races he won 1,064 victories, winning 92major purses, 32 of them (including 3 with six-horse teams) at 30,000 serstertii,28 (including 2 with six-horse teams) at 40,000 sestertii,29 (including 1 with a seven horse team) at 50,000 sestertiiand 3 at 60,000 sestertii.[...] He won a total of 35,863,120 sestertii.” |
monument to Diocles (supposedly the richest athlete in history) |
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*"The CircensianGames were taking place; a kind of entertainment for which I have not the leasttaste. They have no novelty, no variety, nothing, in short, one would wish tosee twice. I am the more astonished that so many thousands of grown men shouldbe possessed again and again with a childish passion to look at gallopinghorses, and men standing upright in their chariots. If, indeed, they wereattracted by the swiftness of the horses or the skill of the men, one couldaccount for this enthusiasm. But in fact it is a bit of cloth they favour,a bit of cloth that captivates them. And if during the running the racers wereto exchange colours,their partisans would change sides, and instantly forsake the very drivers andhorses whom they were just before recognizing from afar, and clamorouslysaluting by name."* |
Pliny the Younger's Letter (talking about "cheering for clothes) |
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*"Andnothing is so damaging to good morals as to hang around at some spectacle.There through pleasure, vice sneaks in more easily. Icome back more greedy, more desirous of honour,more dissolute, even more unfeeling and cruel, because I have been amongpeople. By chance I happened to be at the spectacle at noontime, expecting somewitty entertainment and relaxation, to rest men’s eyes from the gore. It wasthe opposite. Whatever fighting there was before was comparative mercy. Nowthere was pure murder, no more fooling around. …Many people prefer this to theordinary pairs and the fighters. Why wouldn’t they? No helmet or shield pushesthe sword away. Where is the defence?Where is the skill? These things are just to delay death. In the morning men are thrown tolions and bears, at noontime to the audience. “* |
Seneca |
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*"Let barbarous Memphis stop talking about themiracle of the pyramids;Assyriantoil is not to vaunt Babylonandthe soft Ionians are not to garner praise for Trivia’s temple;letthe altar of many horns say nothing about Delos,anddo not let the Carians lavish extravagant praise on theMausoleumsuspended in empty air and exalt it to the stars.All labouryields to Caesar’s amphitheatre:Famewill tell of one work instead of them all."* |
Martial's' Spectacle 1 |
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Who sat at the Podium level of the colosseum? |
Emperor, priests, senators |
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Where did knights (equites) sit in the colosseum? |
maenianumprimum |
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Who sat at the maenianum secundum imum level of the colosseum? |
Roman citizens |
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Where did non-citizens(foreigners, slaves, freedmen) in the colosseum? |
maenianum secundum summum |
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Who sat at themaenianum summum in ligneis level (made of wooden seats) in the colosseum? |
women |
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what is this? |
reconstruction of the Ludus Magnus |
