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68 Cards in this Set
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Agon |
"gathering" - competition |
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Athlon |
"prize" the greeks seeked doing something for a purpose and a prize would be the incentive for competing |
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Eris - what are the two types |
Hesoid thought that there were two types of Eris: Good -> Competition - you are working on what you lack Bad -> War - you are killing the other person in the end |
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This is a pottery piece that depicts human-like gods My name is raj and I'm in love with Harika :)))))) there was a great importance put on the body |
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Polytheistic Anthropomorphism |
many gods in human form many gods are in competition with each other |
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•The Greeks distinguished in the cosmosbetween different types of powers- multiple forms of power that could takeaction on every level of reality….making interventions within man himself aswell as in society, nature, and in the Beyond.” |
The gods have an effect on us sociallly and psychologically This can explain a lot of conflict that is in the universe and in a singular person] A person is not just their ownperson, they are in a reciprocal relationship with gods - Jean-Pierre Vernant |
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•“Thustheir religion and their pantheon can be seen to be a system of classification,a particular way of ordering and conceptualizing the universe, distinguishingbetween multiple types of force and power operating withinit.” |
The gods did not create the universe, they wereborn in to Theyare like humans but better and stronger This creates conflict - Jean-Pierre Vernant |
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•Fr. 14: But mortals deem that thegods are begotten as they are, and have clothes like theirs, and voice andform. (R. P. 100) • •Fr. 15: Yes, and if oxen and horsesor lions had hands, and could paint with their hands, and produce works of artas men do, horses would paint the forms of the gods like horses, and oxen likeoxen, and make their bodies in the image of their several kinds. (R. P. 100) |
Author: Xenophanes (570-470BCE) - critic of anthropomorphism 14: Humans think that gods look like them 15: every single species view the gods to be like them - nothing special |
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Hesoid - What was he? What did he write? Why was he considered the consideredthe first personality in ancient literature? |
He was a historical person - a persona for an oral poetic tradition He wrote • Theogony (Birth of the Gods) –origins of the cosmos; how Zeus became king of the gods .• Works and Days-Adviceon Farming - due to the first pronoun and the biographical information about him at the end of the theogeny |
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Origin of the Greek Cosmos - First Generation - Second Generation - Third Generation |
This tells us how the universe came in to existence and how it became ordered - there is an intergenerational strife - gods dont die but they give birth - there is a population problem Titans -> Kronos (king of Titans ) Olympians (Zeus) |
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Titanomachy |
story embodies themes relevant to Ancient Greece - Contest and strength |
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Atlas is on the left and Prometheus is on the right Atlas and prometerus are challengers to Zeus - Atlasis the titan who is punished for trying to take over (Bie) Atlas' punishement was that he had to hold the earth on his head and arms - There is no account of Atlas in the Theogeny most likely because he challenged Zeus' authority Prometheus tried to deceive Zeus using his intelligence (Metis) Prometheus' liver gets eaten by an eagle indefinitely for the rest of his life |
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How did Zeus become the King of Gods |
by aqcuiring the winning team -> children of Styx |
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Who are the children of Styx |
Zelos =Envy - this is good to the ancient greeks Nikê =Victory Kratos=Strength Biê =Force/Power |
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And Styx, Ocean’s daughter, madelove with Pallas and bore Envy (Zelos)in her house and beautiful Victory (Nikê) andStrength (Kratos)and Force (Biê)-notable children she bore, and they have no house apart from Zeus, no dwellingor path except where the god leads them, and they dwell forever withdeep-thundering Zeus. -Hesiod, Theogony384-389 |
This describes how Styx helped Zeus and therefore her kids helped Zeus which was the winning factor for him |
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What does victory (nike) mean for the Greeks |
It means that they would ask the goddess of victory - there would be no cause and effect |
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Why does victory have wings? |
Less anthromorphic than other gods she is not on the earth she can land on anyone Personification of a concept |
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Time |
Symbolic Capital Resources available on the basis of honour prestige or recognition - serves as a value that one holds within a culture Ex. Zeus promised those who fought with him time in reward for their efforts In greece what mattered most was what people thought of you |
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If ever a god who lives onsnowcapped Olympospours a libation of this (water of Styx) and breaks his oath, he lies a fullyear without any breath, not a taste of ambrosia, not a sip of nectar comes tohis lips, but he lies breathless and speechless on a blanketed bed, an evilcoma upon him. But when the long year brings this disease to an end, anothermore difficult trial is in store, Nine years of exile from the everlastinggods, no converse in council or at their feasts for nine full years. In thetenth year finally he rejoins the Immortals in their homes on Olympos.Upon this the gods swear, the primordial, imperishable water of Styx.” |
- Hesiod, Theogony This passage describes Immortal Death. If a god ever swears on the River Styx and breaks his oath, then he will have to be a vegetable who does not breathe for one year and then 9 years of exile from the gods and then he can join the gods again. This is important because gods cannot die- you have to deprive them from other things since they are immortal - exile is considered worse than death |
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Titanomachy - The Battle of Bie |
Basically when the Titans were fighting the Olympians, Zeus promised some banished titans who were extremely strong with 100 hands that he would bring them out of the underworld if they helped the olympians but Zeus ended up putting them back as PoW anyway - Zeus used intelligence and force to win the war |
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Typhoios |
Was the final challenge to Zeus - it was unhuman and powerful - it was an actual product of the earth -> principle of female fertility |
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“Whentheir father Ouranosfirst grew angry with Obriareos, Cottos,and Gyges,he came down hard on them. Indignantbecause of their arrogant maleness, their looks, and their bulk, hemade them live underground.”Hundred Handersto Zeus: Our minds are bent therefore, andour willsfixed on preserving your power through the horror of war.” Theog.665-6 |
The hundred handers helped Zeus but he snaked them and sent them back to the underground after they helped him |
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Typhoios 560-550 BCE |
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What is war good for |
At the end of the Titanomachy, Zeus wins and distributes his time. Time is considered a limited resource - something that can be robbed This becomes a motivation on a social level |
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Why Anthropomorphism? |
because it is a response to the world condition The god's body represent limitless potential - way of projecting what is possible from the universe on to the gods - This is a way to conceptualize one's own activities in relation to the gods - the absolute potential |
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How did the Greeks think about the human body compared to the divine bodies |
humans are representations of gods and thus athletics would be considered as an act of worship - being like the gods who have absolute potential |
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How is the Greek conception of the body different from modern conceptions |
Humans are less capable than gods |
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Mind and Body Dualism |
The mind is one thing but the body is soemthing else |
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Cogito Ergo Sum |
I think, therefore I am thinking implies existence the idea that existence is a fairly modern idea The ancient greeks thought that when the body dies, the soul dissipates This is in contrast to the inner soul the body DEFINES you |
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And with his own arms Achillesreached for Patroclus, butcould not take him, and the spirit (psuchê)went underground, like vapour, witha thin cry, and Achilles was amazed, staring: “Ohwonder! Even in the house of Hades there is left something, a spirit and animage , (psuchê and eidôlon)but there is no mind in it.” |
- Homer's Iliad 23 The psuche is a representation is a person but isnt the actual person (like a shadow) |
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Diomedes knewthis was a weakling goddess, not one of those who control human warfare- noAthena, no Ares here, who demolishes cities- And when he caught up to her inthe mêlée, he pounced at her with his spear and, thrusting, nicked her on herdelicate wrist, the blade piercing her skin through the ambrosialrobe that the Graces themselves made for her. The cut was just above the palm,and the goddess’ immortal blood (ambroton haima)oozed out, or rather, the ichor thatflows in the blessed gods’ veins. For they eat no bread and drink no wine. Forthis reason they are called bloodless and therefore deathless (athanatoi)as well. |
Gods are immortal Athanatoi -> deathless Godscan bleedThegods don’t have human bloood because they don’t eat food → products of the earth If you consume products of theearth, you will become the earth Because we eat things growing fromearly, we also return to the earth God Blood -> Ichor |
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Votives |
Idols dedicated to the gods - if you want something from the gods, you need to impress or dedicate something to them |
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Agalmata |
A delight - because they need to be given soemthing to do something |
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Mantiklos hasdedicated me to Him who strikes from afar with the Silver Bow (as part) of hisfirst-fruits, Give a Pleasing recompense/ answer. |
The statue is considered a separate entity |
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Do ut Des |
I give in order that you give - the relationship that is established with the god |
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Nikandre Kore “Nikandrê dedicated me to the far shooter, arrow pourer(Artemis), the excellent daughter of Deinodikesof Naxos, sister of Deinomenes,wife of Phraxos.” |
- females were clothed - greece was a patriarchy - females were referred to in reference to a male |
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Kournos |
- Representation of the athletic male body - naked because athletes would be naked 1. derived from egyptians 2. NY Kouros 3. Kroisos Kouros - gravemaker fall a fallen soldier - god of war killed him - the idea that body represents the status and accomplishment of a person - represents height of manhood 4. Apollo Kouros - hands allude to the princicple of reciprocity - preserve the pinnacle of person's live |
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Riace Bronzes - made ca 460-450 BCE - extreme anatomical detail - hyper realism |
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Euandria |
Contest testing size, strength, and beauty |
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Euexia |
Body building context judged by symmetry, definition, bearing and fit and healthy appearance - attempted to capture the perfect image of gods |
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Body Fascism in Ancient Greece |
the imposition of normal for acceptable or successful bodies brought about by a day great commercial exposure to paragons of idea proportions |
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- Diadoumenos
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Doryphoros |
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Standards of impossiblity Polycleitus |
- greek sculptor of 5th century BCE - famous of idealizing sculpture - after polycleitus, every sculptor imitated the same mathematical proportions - some ratios were continually reproduced in different form of art |
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Difference between ancient and modern standards of male body |
greek model is based on a devine perception - purpose of religous worship to become closer to god |
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Homeric Poetry |
A long tradition of story telling - originating possibly in the iron age (1200-800 BCE) - no single author named Homer exists - he's a persona - he's said to be a blind poet - blind because he was inspired by the gods to perform these muses and tales and he can describe the life of the heros with such vivid details attests to his own powers - wrote the Iliad and Odyssey |
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Achilles |
Best of the Achaens (Greeks) - son of peleus (mortal) and Thetis (goddess) - Thetis was supposed to marry Zeus and her child would have been stronger than the father - So Thetis was married off to moral Peleus |
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Patroclus |
- Achilles' best friend - went to battle in place of Achilles - killed by the Trojan Prince Hector |
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Agamemnon |
- Leader of the Greek Army - Brother of Menelaos (who is married to Helen - why Trojan War initiated) - There is a conflict between Agememnon (social power) and Achilles (Physical Power) |
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Odysseus |
- one of the leaders of the Greeks - known for his deception (Metis) - spends 10 years trying to get home - Hero of the Oddecy where he's trying to go home |
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Nestor |
- wisest and oldest of the greeks at troy - plays an important role in reminding the greeks that they arent as good as the previous generation |
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Ajax |
- known for his mortal strength (not a son or goddess) - second best of the Acheans - purely mortal |
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11 Steps of Iliad |
1. Agamemnon takes daughter of priest of Apollo as war prize 2. Apollo gets angry 3. Agamemnon gives daughter back 4. Agamemnon takes war prize of Achilles 5. Achilles gets angry 6. Patroclus goes to war as Achilles Surrogate 7. Hector kills Patroclus 8. Achilles gets angry 9. Achilles rejoins war and kills hector 10. Achilles rejoins war and kills hector 11. Achilles returns body of hector to Priam, Kind of Trojans -> beginning of funeral games |
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“So the blessed gods had done ahard piece of work, settled by force (biê)the question of rights with the Titans. Then at Gaia’ssuggestion they pressed broad-browedZeus, the Olympian, to be their king and rule the Immortals. And so Zeus dealtout their privileges and rights (timê).” |
Theogony 886-890 - Basically saying that Zeus is the ruler of the gods and he distributed the Time |
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“I’ll give her back, if that’swhat’s best. I don’t want to see the army destroyed like this. But I wantanother prize (geras)ready for me right away. I’m not going to be the only Greek without a prize (agerastos),it wouldn’t be right. And you all see where mine is going.” |
- Agamemnon - he is the leader of the greek army so he cannot be without a prize - thus, he is willing to give away his prize in the condition that it will be replaced by another one - Geras represents the power that he has so he's afraid of losing it |
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Geras |
Physical marker of status, prize - quatifies time |
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I’ve raided twelve cities with ourshipsand eleven on foot in the fertile Troad, looted them all, brought back heirlooms By the ton, and handed it all over To Atreus’son (Agamemnon), who hung back in campRaking it in and distributing damnlittle. What the others did get they atleast got to keep.They all have their prizes (gera),everyone but meI’m the only Greek from whom hetook something back. |
Iliad 9.335-343 (Lombardo), Achilles -Achilles replies to Agamemnon by explaining that he was worked hard to obtain those prizes - he is complaining that Agamemnon is an admistrator and didn't fight the front lines like Achilles did - Women were also treated as war prizes - Agamemnon playing the role of an administrator means that he is distributing prizes (status and power) symbolically) |
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It’s for you, dog face, for yourprecious pleasure-And Menelaus’ honor (timê)-that we came here,A fact you don’t have the decencyeven to mention!Andnow you are threatening to take away my prize (geras)ThatI sweated for and the Greeks gave me.I neverget a prize equal to yours when the army captures one of the Trojanstrongholds. |
The confusion here is who the distributer is The Greeks -> represent a more democratic society where prizes are allocated fairly |
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Mother,sinceyou gave me life (390)if only for a while—OlympianZeus, high thunderer, should give me due honour (timê).But he doesn’t grant me even slightrespect.For wide-ruling Agamemnon, Atreus’ son, has shamed me (not given timê), has taken away my prize (geras), appropriated it for his ownuse.” |
- Achilles to Thetis in Iliad Bk 1 - Achilles knows he's going to die - his decision to participate in the war ensures his death - he's risking his life for Time but if Agamemnon takes that away from him, Achilles own life is left at stake - he's basically dying and getting no acknowledgement for it |
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Fight for body of Patroclus - the ghost of Patroclus appears and Achilles tries to hug it - The physical body is representative of life and existence |
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Sema |
Sign, grave marker - becomes a memory of the fallen individual - ensure that the dead were living even after their death - to remind us |
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Mnema |
Memory |
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Then let us wrap the bones in fatand keep themIn a golden bowl, until I am hiddenin Hades.You need not labor over a hugebarrow for him,But only what is seemly. Later theAchaeansCan build it broad and high, all ofyou still leftAmid our thwarted ships when I amgone. |
Achilles with respect to Patroclus' body - He doesnt want to bury the body - he also doesnt want a huge funeral ceremony - he wants to be buried with Patroclus so they burn the flesh and the bones are buried with Achilles |
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Prizes for the Chariot Race at Funeral Games |
1)Awoman faultless in her work and a 22 gallon tripod with handles. 2)Amare, 6 years old, unbroken, pregnant with a mule foal. 3)Beautifulcauldron unfired 4)2bars of gold 5)2handled bowl unfired |
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Who becomes the distributor of the funeral games and why |
Achilles - because Agamemnon was not a good distributer as he manipulated the system - he represents the proper distributor - the funeral games are in contrast to the olympic games where there's only 1 prize |
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I think that your horses are theslowest, and that your work will be harder. The horses of these men are faster,but they do not know better than you how to plan (i.ehow to use mêtis). Remember, then, my dear boy, always to have your plan in mind so that the prizes (aethla) willnot elude you. The woodcutter is far better with skill(mêtis) than with brute force (Biê); it is with skill that the pilotholds his swift ship on course though buffeted by winds on the wine-coloredsea. Thus too by skill (mêtis) one charioteer passes another. |
Nestor to Antilochus - He knows his horse isnt the fastest but Nestor explains that even though its not the strongest, you know how to plan - you use Metis - |
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Francois Vase 570-560 BCE Funeral Games of Patroclus |
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“Ajax, although you are the best inabuse and stupidity, you are the worst of the Argiveswith that donkey’s brain of yours. Now putyour money where your mouth is and bet me a tripod-cauldron.We’ll have Agamemnon, son of Atreus, hold the bet…” Ajax and Idomeneus,be quiet. This is not becoming, and if others were acting like you, youyourselves would be angry with them. |
First P -> Idomenueus Second P -> Achilles - idomneus wanted to bet something and then ahve Agamemnon decide for them - But then Achilles stops them and tells them to stfu - he doesnt want the power to go back to Agememnon - Achilles is known for his anger but since he in the position of power, he is seen in this case as trying to diffuse the anger in the stands |
